The contribution of circulating antibody to the protection of naïve piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was evaluated using a passive antibody transfer model. Piglets (n = 62) ...derived from 6 sows were assigned to one of 6 different treatments using a randomized block design which provided for allocation of all treatments to all sows' litters. Each treatment was designed to achieve a different level of circulating anti-PEDV antibody via intraperitoneally administration of concentrated serum antibody. Piglets were orally inoculated with PEDV (USA/IN/2013/19338E, 1 x 103 TCID50 per piglet) 24 hours later and then monitored for 14 days. Piglets remained with their dam throughout the experiment. Sow milk samples, piglet fecal samples, and data on piglet clinical signs, body weight, and body temperature were collected daily. Fecal samples were tested by PEDV real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Serum, colostrum, and milk were tested for PEDV IgG, IgA, and virus-neutralizing antibody. The data were evaluated for the effects of systemic PEDV antibody levels on growth, body temperature, fecal shedding, survival, and antibody response. The analysis showed that circulating antibody partially ameliorated the effect of PEDV infection. Specifically, antibody-positive groups returned to normal body temperature faster and demonstrated a higher rate of survivability than piglets without PEDV antibody. When combined with previous literature on PEDV, it can be concluded that both systemic antibodies and maternal secretory IgA in milk contribute to the protection of the neonatal pig against PEDV infections. Overall, the results of this experiment suggested that passively administered circulating antibodies contributed to the protection of neonatal piglets against PEDV infection.
Objective: To explore the effect of a probiotic compound preparation composed of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on dysbiosis of murine gut microbiota induced by ...ceftriaxone sodium. Methods: Ceftriaxone sodium (2 mg/g) was given to mice for 5 days to construct intestinal flora dysbiosis model mice and then they were randomly divided into model group, low-dose (2×105 CFU/g), medium-dose (4×105 CFU/g) and high-dose (1.2×106 CFU/g) groups of probiotic compound preparations. In addition, normal mice were set as the control group. From the 6th day, each dose group was administered with the corresponding dose of probiotic compound preparation, the control group and model group were administered with equal volume of normal saline for 30 days. After the gavage, the mice feces were collected to count the intestinal flora and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the diversity and structure of the flora. The levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum were measure
Background:
The management of patients with symptomatic non-acute intracranial artery occlusion (sNA-ICAO), which is a special subset with high morbidity and a high probability of recurrent serious ...ischemic events despite standard medical therapy (SMT), has been clinically challenging. A number of small-sample clinical studies have also discussed endovascular recanalization (ER) for sNA-ICAO; however, there is currently a lack of evidence from multicenter, prospective, large-sample cohort trials. The purpose of our present study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of ER for sNA-ICAO.
Methods:
Our group is currently undertaking a multisite, non-randomized cohort, prospective registry study enrolling consecutive patients presenting with sNA-ICAO at 15 centers in China between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022. A cohort of patients who received SMT and a cohort of similar patients who received ER plus SMT were constructed and followed up for 2 years. The primary outcome is any stroke from enrollment to 2 years of follow-up. The secondary outcomes are all-cause mortality, mRS score, NIHSS score and cognitive function from enrollment to 30 days, 3 months, 8 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 2 years of follow-up. Descriptive statistics and linear/logistic multiple regression models will be generated. Clinical relevance will be measured as relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and the number needed to treat.
Discussion:
The management of patients with sNA-ICAO has been clinically challenging. The current protocol aims to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of ER for sNA-ICAO.
Trial Registration Number:
www.ClinicalTrials.gov
, identifier: NCT04864691.
Arsenic (As) accumulated in genuine medicinal materials will not only deteriorate the original medicinal properties of the medicinal materials but also harm the eater’s body. In this study, ...inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technology was used to investigate the total As content of honeysuckle in four regions, namely Fengqiu, Henan, Xinmi, Shandong, and Julu, Hebei, as well as the speciation and content of As in the roots, stems, and leaves of honeysuckle. This research shows that the total As content of honeysuckle in the four regions was 0.25–0.3 mg/kg. At 1.5 mol/L H
PO
, 200 W, we performed ultrasonic extraction for 30 min at 60°C and adopted high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) to analyze the As speciation of honeysuckle plants. The soil As speciation mainly exists in the form of As(
). In the medicinal part of honeysuckle, the amount of different As speciation is ranked in the descending order as As(
) > As(
) > dimethyl As acid > monomethyl As acid > AsC. As(
) is the main speciation, accounting for 64.5% of the total, followed by the most toxic As(
), which is 18.8%. As(
) absorbed by the root system of honeysuckle from the soil tends to transform to As(
) when transported upwards, and the transformation process mainly occurs in the roots.
The absorption, distribution, and transport trends of organic and inorganic arsenic (As) in honesuckle (
) were studied using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF). The root, stem, and ...leaf samples were analyzed by μ-XRF, proving that in the presence of dimethyl arsenate acid, a small amount of As accumulated in local areas of the epidermis and cortex of roots, while most of As migrated to the upper plant through the middle vascular column. After reaching the stem, As was mainly distributed in the outer skin, indicating that the root and stem of
blocked the transport of As in the plant. In the presence of As(
), A large amount of As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex of the root, reducing its further transport from the plant roots. Once As entered the stem of
from the root, it achieved a strong transport capacity, thus causing severe harm to plants. The element correlation analysis revealed that As in
had the strongest correlation with Cu and Zn elements, for the future research on the influence of As pollution on plants, the interference based on the above two elements can be considered.
Background and purposeHyperperfusion (HP) is a devastating complication associated with carotid artery stenting (CAS) or endarterectomy. The efficacy and safety of staged angioplasty (SAP) in ...patients with CAS at high risk of HP remains unclear. We sought to determine whether SAP is superior to regular CAS in patients with high risk of HP.MethodsA randomised, multicentre open-label clinical trial with blinded outcome assessment (STEP) was conducted. Patients with severe carotid stenosis at high risk of HP were randomly assigned (1:1) to the SAP or regular CAS group. The primary endpoint was hyperperfusion syndrome (HPS) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) within 30 days after the procedure.ResultsFrom November 2014 to January 2017, a total of 64 patients were enrolled in 11 centres. 33 patients were allocated to the SAP group and 31 to the regular CAS group. At 30 days, the rate of primary endpoint was 0.0% (0/33) in the SAP group and 9.7% (3/31) in the regular CAS group (absolute risk reduction (ARR), 9.7%; 95% CI −20.1% to 0.7%; p=0.11). As one of the secondary endpoints, the incidence of HP phenomenon (HPP) was lower in the SAP group than the regular CAS group (0.0% vs 22.6%, ARR,−22.6%; 95% CI −36.8% to −10.2%; p=0.04).ConclusionThe rate of HPS and ICH was not significantly lower in SAP group; the extended secondary endpoint of HPP, however, significantly reduced, which suggested that SAP may be a safe and effective carotid revascularisation procedure to prevent HP.Trial registration number NCT02224209.
Critical thinking ability is an important element of thinking ability under the core competence of English discipline. Combined with “Reading Circles”, a kind of group-based and student-centered ...reading activity, this paper explores the relationship between “Reading Circles” and four critical thinking abilities: focus and definition, analysis and evaluation, reasoning and demonstration, review and correction. Taking the “Reading Circles” task design in The Million Pound Bank Note as an example, this paper expounds the high school teaching design aiming at the students’ cultivation of critical thinking which provides a specific and operable practical example for the development of English “Reading Circles" course in senior high school.
: Ginsenoside 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol, one of metabolites of ginseng saponins, has been well characterized to possess the pleiotropic anticancer capabilities in several cancer cell lines. The object of ...this study was to investigate the effects of ginsenoside 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol on the invasion in vitro and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells in absence of cytotoxicity. Our results showed that ginsenoside 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol exerted a concentration‐dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HT1080 cells (IC50 was 76.78±2.24 μM, 48 hr). Treatment with 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol significantly declined the invasive capacity of HT1080 cells compared to the control cells (P<0.01) in the in vitro invasion assay. Further analysis with gelatin zymography and western blotting revealed that both the activity and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 decreased dramatically in a concentration‐dependent manner (P<0.01). Taken together, these results indicated that ginsenoside 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol is able to inhibit the invasiveness of HT1080 cells significantly in vitro and this action may be primarily due to down‐regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2. Ginsenoside 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol, a metabolite of ginseng, may be applied as a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder (NDD). In the central nervous system (CNS), immune cells like microglia could reprogram intracellular metabolism to alter or ...exert cellular immune functions in response to environmental stimuli. In AD, microglia could be activated and differentiated into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and these differences in cellular phenotypes resulted in variance in cellular energy metabolism. Considering the enormous energy requirement of microglia for immune functions, the changes in mitochondria-centered energy metabolism and substrates of microglia are crucial for the cellular regulation of immune responses. Here we reviewed the mechanisms of microglial metabolic reprogramming by analyzing their flexible metabolic patterns and changes that occurred in their metabolism during the development of AD. Further, we summarized the role of drugs in modulating immunometabolic reprogramming to prevent neuroinflammation, which may shed light on a new research direction for AD treatment.
•The immune response changes in microglial cells are accompanied by intracellular metabolic reprogramming.•The changes in energy metabolism pathways of microglial cells significantly contribute to the occurrence and progression of Alzheimer's disease.•Pharmacological regulation of microglial cell-related metabolic pathways can effectively improve the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
The prevention and control of
in commercial production settings is based on serological monitoring. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed to detect specific antibodies ...against a variety of
antigens, including long-chain lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the ApxIV toxin, a repeats-in-toxin (RTX) exotoxin unique to
and produced by all serovars. The objective of this study was to describe ApxIV antibody responses in serum and oral fluid of pigs.
Four groups of pigs (six pigs per group) were inoculated with
serovars 1, 5, 7, or 12. Weekly serum samples and daily oral fluid samples were collected from individual pigs for 56 days post inoculation (DPI) and tested by LPS and ApxIV ELISAs. The ApxIV ELISA was run in three formats to detect immunlgobulins M, G, and A (IgM, IgG and IgA) while the LPS ELISA detected only IgG.
All pigs inoculated with
serovars 1 and 7 were LPS ELISA serum antibody positive from DPI 14 to 56. A transient and weak LPS ELISA antibody response was observed in pigs inoculated with serovar 5 and a single antibody positive pig was observed in serovar 12 at ≥35 DPI. Notably, ApxIV serum and oral fluid antibody responses in pig inoculated with serovars 1 and 7 reflected the patterns observed for LPS antibody, albeit with a 14 to 21 day delay.
This work suggests that ELISAs based on ApxIV antibody detection in oral fluid samples could be effective in population monitoring for
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