The article reports data on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Moringa oleifera simplicia and ethanol extract consisting of water content, acid-insoluble ash content, microbial ...contamination, heavy metal contamination, phytochemical analysis, TLC analysis, chemical profiling using LC-MS/MS, and the antioxidant activity. The M. oleifera leaves simplicia meet quality standards, except for ash content that exceeds the specified standards. Qualitative phytochemistry indicates that the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves contains flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. In total of 39 phytoconstituents were tentatively identified; the top 10 active compounds with the highest relative abundance percentage (%) are 4-undecylbenzenesulfonic acid (4,83), apigetrin (3,34), quercetin-3β-D-glucoside (3,28), D-(-)-quinic acid (1,69), corchorifatty acid F (1,52), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1,47), isopropylmalic acid (1,17), 13(S)-HOTrE (1,08), astragalin (0,99), and D-(+)-phenyllactic acid (0,70). The ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves contained a total phenolic content 7728,02 mg/kg, total flavonoids as quercetin content 1,19%, and antioxidant activity IC50 1422,45 mg/kg.
Avian Influenza (AI) is an infectious disease on poultry with a high mortality rate, caused by Avian Influenza type A viruses from the family Orthomyxoviridae. For the layer chicken, the negative ...impacts of AI are the decrease of egg production until the death. The aims of the study were to analyze disease’s case data, measure the spread of disease, describe the distribution of disease, and mapping the risk of AI occurrence. The data were collected from the records of Dinas Peternakan dan Perkebunan by conducting interviews using the structured questionnaires. The data were analysed by calculating the incidence rate and performing a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping. The results showed that the highest incidence rate among sub-districts for 3 years was in Mattiro Sompe sub-district of 2.015 cases per 10.000 animals-year, while the lowest incidence rate among 3 sub-districts for 3 years was in Duampanua, Lanrisang, and Mattiro Bulu sub-districts of 0 case per 10.000 animals-year. The highrisk district was Mattiro Sompe Subdistrict, so that the control measures need to be emphasized in this area by increasing the biosecurity practices, depopulation and stamping out in new infected area, vaccination, surveillance, routine socialization, monitoring, and provide additional animal health facilities and human resources, especially the veterinarians, to optimize the disease control measures. Keywords: Avian Influenza (AI), incidence rate, layer chicken, Pinrang district
Depolarized katuk pellets (Sauropus androgynus) as a growth trigger in ruminants have been produced, but are constrained by the adequacy of leaf raw materials. This study aims to utilize the soft ...stems (BL) of the katuk plant as a substitute for leaf raw materials (D) as much as 15%, and its effect on the productvitas of rams growing. Katuk leaf pellets (100%) and pellets mixed between D (85%) and BL (15%) or DBL, were prepared through a depolarization process. The male rams (21) were divided into 7 groups, 3 heads each, with different pellet-giving treatments. The treatment was the control group, leaf pellets 5 g (D-5), 10 g (D-10), and 15 g (D-15), and also the DBL pellet group 5 g (DBL-5), 10 g (DBL-10), and 15 g (DBL-15) per head daily. Each sheep gets adequate treatment and feed for 3 months. TheDBL-15 and D-15 sheep group showed an improvement in the average percentage of growth in sheep body weight and carcass (p<0.05), which were 54% and 43%, respectively, as well as 74% and 43%, compared to the control group, which was only 46% and 40%. The application of DBL-15 pellets showed a greater percentage of fat deposits, which was 3.4% (p<0.05) than the administration of D-15 pellets, which was only 2.4% and the control group (2.1%). It was concluded that the 15% soft stem to the pellets is still very good as a substitute for the raw material of katuk leaves for the production of depolarized pellets.
Keywords: carcass, depolarization, katuk, pellet, sheep
The accession of mulberry (Morus sp.) with salinity tolerance unavailable in Indonesia is needed to overcome the problem of marginal land, especially in the saline areas of the country. Therefore, ...this research aims to determine the accession of salinity tolerance of mulberry from 6 origins in Indonesia based on growth and physiological parameters. The method used was a factorial randomized block design with the first treatment of stem cutting-derived mulberry accession being M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, and M7, while the second was the concentration of NaCl at 0 mM, 40 mM, 60 mM, and 80 mM. The results showed that M2 accession from Bogor was categorized as tolerance to high salt stress, and M1 was classified as sensitive accession. Increasing salt concentration causes a decrease in growth parameters. It also decreased physiological parameters such as leaf and media relative water content while increasing dissolved sugars. Genotypic scores indicate salinity tolerance and the potential number of leaves, while Na+ content and leaf necrosis percentage showed sodium toxicity in the leaf. Therefore, genotypic score, Na+/K+ ratio, and leaf necrosis percentage are the best parameters to select and identify mulberry accession with high salt stress tolerance.
Katuk (Sauropus androgynus), a traditional herb that has been traditionally consumed by breastfeeding mothers to increase their milk production but still has some side effects, such as ...bronchiolitis obliterans and inhibition of calcium absorbtion. Removing the polar compounds in katuk leaf (depolarized katuk leaf) can eliminate those side effects without eliminating its side effect in increasing milk production and body growth in several production animals. This study was aimed to analyze the physiological status of beef cows consuming diet supplemented with depolarized katuk leaf as feed additive by measuring their hematology and blood mineral profile. Nine Brahman cross cows in the finisher stage, were grouped based on their diet: complete feed (control), complete feed plus depolarized katuk leaf powder (P1; 100 g per day), and complete feed plus depolarized katuk leaf pellet (P2; 100 g per day). Blood sample was collected after six weeks of consumption for analysis of hematological profiles including total erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total leukocytes, stress index (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio); and blood mineral concentration (calcium and phosphorous). Dietary administration of depolarized katuk leaf did not have any statistically significant effect on all hematology parameters and blood mineral profiles. In conclusion, depolarized katuk leaf can be used as a growth promoter in beef cows without any negative effect on their physiological status.
Keywords: Hematologi, katuk depolarisasi, kesehatan, mineral, sapi pedaging
This study was aimed to assess the health status of dairy cows after consuming depolarized katuk leaves (
Sauroupus androgynus
) as a feed additive by measuring their hematological profile. Nine ...Friesian-Holstein cows were divided into three groups based on their diet: complete feed (control), complete feed plus depolarized katuk leaf powder (P1; 100 g per day), and complete feed plus depolarized katuk leaf pellet (P2; 100 g per day). Supplementation of depolarizing katuk leaves in the diet started two weeks before parturition until three months of lactation. Blood sampling was carried out during the 10th week of lactation. The analysis of hematological profiles includes total erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total leukocytes, stress index (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio), total platelets, and total protein. There were no significant differences in total erythrocytes, hematocrit, total leukocytes, stress index, total platelets, and total protein in groups P1 and P2 compared to controls. The hemoglobin levels of dairy cows in groups P1 and P2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to controls, although these levels were still within normal limits. In conclusion, there was no negative impact of depolarizing katuk leaf supplementation in the ratio on the health status of lactating dairy cows based on the hematological profile.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the female Anopheles mosquito vector. Malaria is still a cause of death worldwide, especially in young children. Malaria prevention needs to be done ...comprehensively so that it can be overcome optimally, one of which is the anopheles vector. Anopheles' development is influenced by the environment. World warming dramatically affects the development of anopheles because it requires an optimal temperature of 25-32oC to go through the life cycle to produce adult mosquitoes. Studies on the effect of global warming on anopheles’ resistance are needed in order to know how mosquito resistance is to global warming and can take precautions to prevent mosquito breeding. A systematic literature review. We search keywords climatic change, global warming, anopheles, malaria, and Indonesia in Pubmed, Google, and ResearchGate. We found 30 kinds of literature and screening based on inclusion criteria, and last, we only have 13 articles that we analyzed to answer our questions. A literature search showed that Anopheles's development is influenced by the environment. Anopheles likes the tropics because it has optimal temperature and humidity. The majority of Anopheles that vector simian malaria also cause malaria in humans. Indonesia has a diversity of anopheles spread from Sumatra to Papua. Global warming, which can increase the earth's temperature, has an influence on the development of Anopheles mosquitoes as vectors of malaria Introduction
Standardization of the quality of the depolarized katuk pellet production process as a feed additive is very important to maintain product quality. The production process requires dry katuk leaves ...(DKK) as raw materials which are then processed into depolarized katuk leaves (DKD), and continues in the pelleting process to become depolarized katuk pellets (PKD). Quality standard can be done by measuring the parameters of nutritional value and also the yield of methanol extract. Nutritional values were obtained from the results of proximate analysis, namely the percentage of dry matter, ash content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, beta-N, calcium, phosphorus, and gross energy (Cal/g). Mean while, the yield of methanol extract was obtained by maceration using methanol solvent. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional value and yield of crude methanol extract of katuk leaves (DKK, DKD, PKD) which can be used as a quality assurance standard for the depolarized katuk pellet production process. In general, the nutritional value of DKD and PKD had the same value as that of DKK, except for calcium which was quite high (P<0.05) in DKD and PKD, and the percentage of crude fiber was lower (P<0.05) in PKD compared to DKK and DKD. The percentage of crude fat in pellets (PKD) was higher (P<0.05) when compared to DKK and DKD. The yield of methanol extract was very high (P<0.05) in DKK, compared to DKD and PKD. The nutritional parameters and the yield of the katuk leaf extract can be used as quality assurance standards for the depolarized katuk pellet production process.
Keywords: depolarization, katuk, methanol, nutrition, pellet
This study aims to determine the effect of additional feed with depolarizing katuk leaves on the production and quality of colostrum and colostrum milk in Friesian Holstein dairy cows. There were 21 ...dairy cows that had just giving birth, divided into 3 groups of 7 each, namely the control group (complete feed), BKD (complete feed added with Depolarizing Katuk Powder), PKD (complete feed added with Depolarizing Katuk Pellet). Depolarizing katuk feed was given 100 grams per head per day as a feed additive. Parameters observed were feed consumption, production and quality of colostrum and colostrum milk. The results showed that there was no difference in the consumption of feed supplemented with depolarizing katuk leaves, colostrum production, milk density, total solid colostrum, Solid non-fat, lactose contents, and protein contents of colostrum and colostrum milk compared to the control group. Significant differences occurred in colostrum milk production, total solid colostrum milk, and fat content of colostrum and colostrum milk. It was concluded that depolarizing katuk leaves could be used as additional feed to increase the production and total solids of colostrum milk, and increase the fat content of colostrum and colostrum milk. Keywords: colostrum, colostrum milk, depolarizing katuk leaf, Friesian Holstein
Infrared thermal camera is an alternative and non-invasive method used to identify various physiological and pathological process related to body surface temperature changes. The aim of this ...research was to study the body surface temperature pattern based on the observed regios. Three horses were randomly selected as animal experiments. Thermal image data was collected at 17.00 – 19.00 WIB for five days. Images were retrieved from seven regios: head, thorax, abdomen, and four lower legs. The result of horse A’s surface temperature in five days on head, thorax, abdomen, front left leg, front right leg, rear left leg, and rear right leg regios were 33.42, 33.49, 33.56, 31.30, 31.48, 31. 33.14, 31.34 °C, respectively. The resulf of horse B’s surface tempereture were 33.55, 33.65, 33.64, 31.45, 31.35, 31.53, 31.48 °C, respectively. The resulf of horse C’s surface tempereture were 33.45, 33.55, 33.60, 31.37, 31.45, 31.34, 31.42 °C, respectively. The result showed that difference on horse A’s rear left leg (p<0.05) because of inflamation. Inflamation recovery process on horse A occured on the fifth day, indicated by a drop in temperature and a change in colors on thermal image. Color noises on some images were color difference between objects and poor color saturation. Color noises on thermal images did not affect the results of temperature interpretation.
