The present study investigates the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal aquifer in the West Godavari delta region based on geochemical evaluation, integrated ...multivariate statistical analysis and entropy water quality index (EWQI). The study area is underlain by the Quaternary sediments with unconsolidated to semi consolidated sand, silt and clay formation. In the study, the significant hydrochemical facies of groundwater observed were Na-Mg-Cl-HCO
3
−
, Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
and Mg-Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
. The results revealed that the area occupies high salinity groundwater controlled mainly by evaporation and also by rock weathering-solubilization to some extent. The concentrations of major cations and anions decreased in the order: Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
> Ca
2+
= Cl
−
> HCO
3
−
> SO
4
2−
> NO
3
−
. The chemical constituents of the samples TA (85%), TDS (100%), TH (83%), Mg
2+
(91%), Cl
−
(81%) and SO
4
2
(12%) exceeded the limits, making them unfit for drinking. Based on EWQI (53.3–143.4), nearly 70% of groundwater samples were of poor to very poor quality for drinking, which required treatment, and the remaining 30% of samples were unsuitable for domestic purposes. Some samples of the irrigation suitability parameters (Na%, SAR, RSC, PI, CAI, KR and CCR) exhibit moderate to good categories, which can be used for irrigation with proper management. The multivariate statistical analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the chemical constituents present in groundwater. TDS is highly correlated with EC, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
and Cl
−
. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the datasets showed that the first three PCs accounted for 65% of total variance cumulatively 94.5% for a total of 7 PCs. The PCA results indicate that the variation of groundwater quality is possibly attributed to various anthropogenic and geogenic factors, rock–water interactions and ion exchange processes in groundwater. The uncontrolled drawl of subsurface waters and aqua forming at an advanced rate when compared with recharge has led to this coastal aquifer being in a critical stage.
Abstract
The present work was carried out in the deltaic region of the river Godavari in coastal Andhra Pradesh of southern India to evaluate the status of groundwater quality for irrigation. ...Groundwater is predominantly used in these productive agricultural fields. Saline water intrusion in fresh groundwater aquifers, which is mainly due to the excess withdrawal of groundwater, was recorded in the study area. A total of 80 groundwater samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters using standard chemical procedures. The groundwater mainly represents Na+–Cl− type, which shows the mixing of fresh water with saline water. The high correlation between Na+–Cl− and Mg2+–HCO3− explained that the intermixing of aquifer waters and the leaching of secondary salts influenced the region. Evaporation-fractional crystallizations are the main processes in the groundwater of the study area. The irrigation water quality index was calculated using different quality indices including Na%, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly's ratio (KR), and potential salinity (PS), Cl−:HCO3−, Mg2+:Ca2+ and Na+:Ca2+ to estimate the suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation. Spatial distribution maps were prepared using raster interpolation in GIS. The assessment revealed that the areas covering 67.6% of electrical conductivity, 100% of total dissolved solids, 57.5% of Na%, 21.3% of RSBC, 66.3% of PI, 16.3% of MH, 65% of KR, and, 100% of PS required severe to moderate restrictions. Overall, the groundwater in the study region showed potential salinity due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities, and thus it must be monitored for sustainable agriculture.
The Narava basin in Visakhapatnam district situated on the east coast is a productive agricultural area, and is also one of the fastest growing urban areas in India. The agricultural and ...urban-industrialization activities have a lot of impact on this coastal aquifer water quality. The hydrochemistry of the groundwater was analyzed in the basin area with reference to drinking and agricultural purposes. The area is underlain by Precambrian rocks like khondalites, charnockites and migmatites. The water samples were collected from shallow wells for the year 2008. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as pH, total alkalinity (TA), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, NO3 −, F− were determined. The analytical results revealed that the most of the groundwater found to be in polluted category. Geographical information system (GIS) was utilized to generate different spatial distribution maps of various chemical constituents in the study area. The analytical data were used to compute certain parameters such as salinity hazard, percent sodium (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), Kelley’s ratio (KR) and corrosivity ratio (CR) to determine the quality of water for agricultural purposes. The abundance of the major ions in the basin area was found to be in the following sequence: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+:Cl− > HCO3 − > SO4 2− > NO3 − > F−. According to Gibbs’ diagram most of the samples fall under rock dominance. As per Wilcox and USSL classification most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except few samples which are unsuitable due to the presence of high salinity and high sodium hazard. From the obtained data, it can be concluded that the water quality profile was good and useful for normal irrigation agriculture.
Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the vulnerable tribal region of Gosthani river basin extended in Eastern Ghats hard rock terrain, Andhra Pradesh state, Southern India were determined. ...The occurrence of groundwater in hard rock terrain of this region is predominantly controlled by joints, fractures, porosity, and thickness of the weathered zone. The geoenvironmental conditions within aquifer are influencing the occurrence and concentration of chemical parameters of groundwater. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the area, 24 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, Ca
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, Fe, SO
4
2−
, NO
3
−
, Cl
−
, and F
−
. Mg
2+
, HCO
3
−
plus CO
3
2−
, Gibbs ratios, CAI, %Na, SAR, RSC, PI, KR, and CR were computed. The results revealed that the groundwater in the area is soft to hard water type. The abundance of the major cations are Ca
2+
>Na
+
>Mg
2+
and major anions are HCO
3
−
>Cl
−
>NO
3
−
. The dominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater is Ca-Na-HCO
3
and Ca-HCO
3
-Cl type. In the study area, the vulnerable tribal population lives in remote and inaccessible areas and is mainly dependent on groundwater for drinking and other purposes. The result of low concentrations of various chemical ions in the water suggested that less enrichment of mineral content caused various health hazards in the indigenous tribal population. Soil erosion, deforestation, and traditional shifting cultivation activities are encouraging for improper leaching of chemical constituents into the groundwater. Further, the high levels of iron found in 87.5% of samples are possibly by the source rock interaction with water. Overall, the assessment of water quality using WQI
A
and other methods indicates that some samples in the study region are chemically unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. The present work provides baseline information in solving problems due to quality deterioration of the groundwater for implementing sustainable management practices in improving the living conditions of the tribes of this region.
Objective
Spoligotyping is a valuable genotyping tool to study the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). The aim of this study was to analyse different ...spoligotype patterns of M. tb strains isolated from patients with tuberculosis from different parts of India.
Materials and Methods
A total of 163 M. tb isolates were spoligotyped between January 2014 and January 2015. About 47% (n = 77) were from patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis; of these, 10 were MDR, and seven were Pre‐XDR. Of the 86 M. tb isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 25 were MDR, and 25 were Pre‐XDR.
Results
We found 61 spoligo patterns, 128 clusters in the spoligotype data base (spoldb4 data base) with spoligo international type (SIT) number and 35 true unique isolates. The most pre‐dominant spoligotype was EAI lineage (56), followed by Beijing (28), CAS (20), T(9), U(7), X(3), H(3), BOVIS_1 BCG(1) and LAM(1).
Conclusion
Although our study identified EAI, CAS and Beijing strain lineages as pre‐dominant, we also found a large number of orphan strains (20%) in our study. Beijing strains were more significantly associated with MDR TB than CAS and EAI lineages. Further studies on large sample sizes would help to clearly describe the epidemiology of M. tb in India.
Objectif
Le spoligotypage est un outil de génotypage précieux pour étudier la diversité génétique et l’épidémiologie moléculaire de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Le but de cette étude était d'analyser différents profils de spoligotypes de souches de M. tb isolées de patients atteints de tuberculose dans différents endroits de l'Inde.
Matériel et méthodes
163 isolats M. tb ont été spoligotypés entre janvier 2014 et janvier 2015. 47% (n = 77) provenaient de patients atteints de tuberculose extrapulmonaire; de ceux‐ci, 10 étaient MDR et 7 étaient pré‐XDR. Sur les 86 isolats M. tb de patients atteints de tuberculose pulmonaire, 25 étaient MDR et 25 étaient pré‐XDR.
Résultats
Nous avons trouvé 61 spoligotypes regroupant 128 isolats dans la base de données de spoligotypes (spoldb4) avec un numéro de type spoligo international (SIT) et 35 isolats uniques vrais. Le spoligotype le plus prédominant était la lignée EAI (56), suivie des lignées Beijing (28), CAS (20), T (9), U (7), X (3), H (3), BOVIS_1 BCG (1) et LAM (1).
Conclusion
Bien que notre étude ait identifié des souches des lignées EAI, CAS et Beijing comme prédominantes, nous avons également trouvé un grand nombre de souches orphelines (20%). Les souches Beijing étaient plus significativement associées à la TB MDR que celles des lignées CAS et EAI. D'autres études sur une grande taille d’échantillon aideraient à décrire clairement l’épidémiologie de M. tb en Inde.
Objetivo
El spoligotyping es una herramienta valiosa de genotipado para estudiar la diversidad genética y la epidemiología molecular de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). El objetivo de este estudio era analizar los diferentes patrones de las cepas de M. tb aisladas de pacientes tuberculosos provenientes de diferentes partes de la India.
Materiales y Métodos
Se realizó el spoligotyping a 163 cepas de M. tb aisladas entre enero del 2014 y enero del 2015. Un 47% (n=77) eran de pacientes con tuberculosis extrapulmonar; de estos, 10 eran multirresistentes (MDR) y 7 eran Pre‐extremadamente resistentes (Pre‐XDR). De los 86 aislados de M. tb de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar, 25 eran MDR y 25 eran Pre‐XDR.
Resultados
Encontramos 61 perfiles de espoligotipos, 128 conglomerados en la base de datos de espoligotipos (spoldb4) con número de espologotiopo internacional (número SIT) y 35 aislados únicos. El espoligotipo más predominante era de lineaje EAI (56), seguido por Beijing (28), CAS (20), T(9), U(7), X(3), H(3), BOVIS_1 BCG(1), y LAM(1).
Conclusión
Aunque nuestro estudio identificó los linajes de cepas EAI, CAS y Beijing como predominantes, también encontramos un gran número de cepas huérfanas (20%) en nuestro estudio. Las cepas Beijing estaban más significativamente asociadas con TB‐MDR que los linajes CAS y EAI. Más estudios sobre un mayor número de muestras ayudaría a describir claramente la epidemiología de M. tb en la India.
A BSTRACT Background: Metabolic syndrome has increased globally due to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets and obesity, which is posing a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Understanding the ...determinants of metabolic syndrome like lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status and the environment are vital for devising effective prevention and management. Research into these determinants helps to identify high-risk populations and develop interventions to reduce its occurrence. Objectives: i. To estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the adult population. ii. To determine the factors associated with metabolic syndrome among the adult population. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 410 adults (≥18 years). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data and National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III criteria was used to diagnose metabolic syndrome. Continuous and categorical data were represented as mean and proportion, respectively. The strength of the association was determined using the prevalence ratio and adjusted prevalence ratio. Results: The mean age of the participants was 44.97 ± 14.7, about 58.3% of them were females. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 39.8%. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that being over 40 years old, marital status, higher socioeconomic status, skilled workers, physical inactivity and obesity were independently linked to metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: The burden can be reduced by identifying the risk factors at the early stage through screening and by adopting a healthy lifestyle.
This paper mainly deals with the integrated approach of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) to delineate groundwater prospective zones in Narava basin, Visakhapatnam region. The ...various thematic maps generated for delineating groundwater potential zones are geomorphology, geology, lineament density, drainage density, slope and land use/land cover (LULC). Weighted index overlay (WIO) technique is used to investigate a number of choice possibilities and evaluate suitability according to the associated weight of each unit. The integrated map of the area shows different zones of groundwater prospects, viz. very good (18.9% of the area), good (26.4% of the area), moderate (17.1% of the area) and poor (37.6% of the area). The categorization of groundwater potential was in good agreement with the available water column in the basin area.
The objective of this study was to investigate the land use/land cover, landforms, shoreline and coastal regulation zone (CRZ) changes of Greater Visakhapatnam coastal region using Indian Remote ...Sensing-IRS P6 (Resourcesat-I) satellite data and collateral information. Prominent changes have been observed during the past 30 years through land use/land cover analyzes which clearly indicate that thecoastal regulatory zones have altered in respect of both natural and anthropogenic activities. Various geomorphic units were identified and confirmed with appropriate field work. Significant changes have been recognized in the shoreline map, which denote that the area of erosional shoreline is larger than the accretional and stable prone shoreline. The availability of high resolution data has helped to prepare large-scale maps for implementation of CRZ measures. The results were promising and suggest that the modern geo-spatial information and technological tools are extremely helpful for conducting coastal morphological studies.
Background: The objective of this study was to describe the histopathological features of patients with endometrial cancer in a tertiary hospital in South India. Methods: This retrospective study ...included cases diagnosed and operated in a tertiary hospital in the period of 3 years. Histopathological data was retrieved from records and analyzed. The study included both endometrial biopsy and post hysterectomy specimens of which prognostic factor comparison was performed on the latter following TNM and FIGO staging systems. Results: The sample consisted of 43 patients which includes 28 resected and 15 biopsy specimens. Age ranged from a minimum of 27 years to a maximum of 75 years (Mean around 52 years). Endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the predominant histological subtype (80 - 85%), while other types included papillary serous adenocarcinoma, stromal sarcoma and malignant mixed mullerian tumour (MMMST). Grade I tumours were 19 in number constituting 79.16%and stage IB tumours were the commonest. Pelvic nodal involvement, lymphatic invasion and recurrence were individually noted in one patient each. Conclusions: This study highlights the prognostic characteristics of endometrial cancer patients with most of them presenting in early stages thereby having a good prognostic outcome. Keywords: Endometrial carcinoma, Histopathology, Staging, Prognostic factors
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