The effects of diffusion and convection on the evolution of reactions in chaotic flows are examined. Direct numerical simulations are applied to compute the evolution of the mixing structure, ...describe the stretching field, and solve the convection‐reaction‐diffusion material balance in a periodic, 2‐D chaotic flow with an instantaneous, bimolecular reaction: A + B → 2P. These computations demonstrate that the location of the reactive zones in the flow can be predicted from the stretching field. The time‐evolution of the concentration profiles approaches an invariant shape when the time scale of the convective and diffusive mixing processes are comparable. Under such conditions, exponential stretching and its consequence, asymptotic directionality, are the mechanisms controlling the evolution of chaotic reactive systems.
Abstract
In this article, three well-established engineering tools are used to examine hydrodynamics in dissolution testing apparatuses. The application of these tools would provide detailed ...information about the flow, shear, and homogeneity in dissolution tests. Particle image velocimetry successfully measures two-dimensional cross-sections of the velocity field in an experimental device under both laminar and turbulent conditions. The velocity field is also calculated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which can rapidly provide data that is difficult or impossible to obtain experimentally. The occurrence of segregated regions within a USP Apparatus II under mild agitation conditions is revealed by CFD simulations and confirmed by laser-induced fluorescence experiments. The results clearly demonstrate that under current operation settings, the USP Apparatus II operates in a regime where the flow is in incipient turbulence, which is a highly time-dependent condition that might explain possible inconsistencies in dissolution results. It is further demonstrated that proposed changes advocating lower speeds or smaller vessels displace the system toward laminar flow conditions characterized by segregation, compromising the robustness of the test and making it vulnerable to variability with respect to sample location.
On March 3, 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 (the Amendment) into law. This Amendment is the most significant change ...in the last several decades to the Federal Arbitration Act (the FAA), the main federal law governing arbitration since 1925. This landmark Amendment is also the most important federal legislation to arise thus far from the #MeToo movement. The Amendment invalidates predispute arbitration agreements in cases involving sexual harassment or sexual assault, thereby allowing survivors to proceed with their claims in public court with more robust procedural protections. With hundreds of millions of arbitration agreements in place covering consumers and workers, the Amendment can impact access to justice and shape how disputes are resolved. While the goals of the Amendment are laudable, the Amendment suffers from several problems, including poor drafting that leads to at least three different interpretations of its scope. These ambiguities particularly arise when a survivor asserts a sexual harassment claim in addition to other types of claims. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the Amendment applies in a labor setting with a collective bargaining agreement. The Amendment may also be unconstitutional as applied in certain settings involving state courts and state tort claims. Additionally, the Amendment raises deeper questions about the regulation of arbitration and proper role of arbitration in society. This Article clarifies some of the confusion regarding the Amendment by proposing a particular interpretation of the Amendment's scope: the Amendment should be construed to cover all claims that have a nexus with a sexual assault or sexual harassment claim. The justifications for the Amendment also suggest that future reforms of arbitration law should address discrimination and other forms of harassment.
The effect of the dipping and the finiteness of a 2D prismatic body were investigated in Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurements. For this purpose a free-air analogue modeling laboratory ...was designed. This enabled to control the parameters of the body and carry out measurements in field conditions as this is the most reliable method to verify the field applicability of an array. The imaging capacity of the best four-electrode traditional array, the Dipole-dipole (Dp) was compared to that of special configurations, three members of the series of the γ11n quasi-null arrays. This is the first attempt to study in field circumstances the imaging capacity of quasi-null arrays whose theoretical background is very different from that of the traditional arrays. In the lack of available processing codes that can invert the field data of these arrays a new routine, the Res2D-Hu code was used. Dp array proved to be robust, insensitive to both dipping and finiteness of the body, and very good in imaging shallow objects. The results of the γ11n arrays are less certain, but they may detect deeper bodies and resolve the model also vertically. Due to the complementary nature of the Dp and γ11n arrays, the joint interpretation of their images is recommended. In the present study - with a minimally increased time investment in relation to the individual Dp measurement - the joint interpretation enabled the following aspects: (1) separate clearly the real anomaly from possibly artificial ones; (2) make clear that the investigated model is not exactly 2D, it ends close to the first profile; (3) delineate the model better both horizontally and vertically and (4) detect the body from a larger depth than it would have been possible by the application of only the traditional array. In order to make the above points explicit, investigations had to be done besides the traditional Dp array by the γ116.
•Quasi field experiment is designed to study the performance of traditional (dipole dipole) and non-traditional (quasi null) class of array.•The effect of finite strike length and dip of the buried conducting model (body) has been studied.•It has been investigated that the traditional (dipole dipole) and non-traditional (quasi null) are complementary.•The best result can be obtained by integrated use of traditional (dipole dipole) and non-traditional (quasi null).•Specially written code, Res2D-Hu, was used to invert the data of dipole dipole and quasi null array.
A simple analytical solution is presented for computing direct current (DC) electric field distortion due to a small cube in a homogeneous half‐space, measured with a dipole–dipole array on the ...surface. Both the transmitter and the receiver may have any orientation; furthermore their position on the horizontal surface and the depth of the cube can be freely selected. It is shown that a simple approximate analytical method may replace more complicated 3D numerical modelling algorithms.
The approximation lies in the linearization of the problem: the secondary source (i.e. the cube) is considered as a system of three perpendicular electric dipoles. In spite of this first‐order approximation, in the case of realistic depths z (zR≈0.1–0.5, where R is the transmitter–receiver distance), this approximate solution fits very well with true 3D numerical modelling results, and with analogue modelling results if aR≤0.1, where a is the length of the side of the cube. Due to its simplicity, this method could be used for computing DC field distortion effects, estimating parameter‐sensitivities, or even determining some initial models for further inversions.
Abstract
Mercury’s southern inner magnetosphere is an unexplored region as it was not observed by earlier space missions. In October 2021, BepiColombo mission has passed through this region during ...its first Mercury flyby. Here, we describe the observations of SERENA ion sensors nearby and inside Mercury’s magnetosphere. An intermittent high-energy signal, possibly due to an interplanetary magnetic flux rope, has been observed downstream Mercury, together with low energy solar wind. Low energy ions, possibly due to satellite outgassing, were detected outside the magnetosphere. The dayside magnetopause and bow-shock crossing were much closer to the planet than expected, signature of a highly eroded magnetosphere. Different ion populations have been observed inside the magnetosphere, like low latitude boundary layer at magnetopause inbound and partial ring current at dawn close to the planet. These observations are important for understanding the weak magnetosphere behavior so close to the Sun, revealing details never reached before.
Changes in maximum and minimum daily temperatures (TMAX and TMIN, respectively) in nine selected regions of central Europe and in Bulgaria during 1951–1990 are investigated. Average series for ...central Europe are compiled and analyzed by linear trend analysis and the kernel smoothing. The increase in the annual TMAX in central Europe was, during 1951–1990, slightly lower than that of TMIN (0ċ52°C and 0ċ60°C, respectively). This results in a small decrease in the daily temperature range (DTR) by −0ċ08°C. With the exception of the spring TMIN other linear trends are insignificant. The observed insignificant trends in DTR in the central European region are related to small cloudiness changes. Long‐term fluctuations of annual TMAX, TMIN, and DTR for eight selected series during the twentieth century are also investigated.
: Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) belongs together with lamellar ichthyosis (LI) to the group of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI). Mutations in the transglutaminase ...(TGase) 1 gene (TGM1) have been identified in several families with LI and in some families with CIE. We report a case of CIE with two new nonsense mutations: a C7780G transversion in exon 11 resulting in a premature stop codon at aminoacid residue Y503X and a C8533G transversion in exon 13 leading to a nonsense mutation at S669X. These mutations were also identified in a heterozygous pattern in the unaffected parents. These two termination‐codons result in the translation of a truncated protein at the C‐terminal end domain of the TGM 1 molecule. B.C1 monoclonal antibody failed to detect TGase 1 in the patient's skin sample, and TGase activity measured by monodansyl cadaverine‐incorporation showed the reduced TGase activity at the distribution of TGase 1 in the epidermis.
Purpose. The authors’ goal is to determine the behavior of insulated rail joints with polymer-composite fishplates without glueing in the consideration of dynamic loadings regarding to own laboratory ...tests. In this paper they introduce the applied measurement opportunities. Methodology. Dynamic (fatigue) bending tests were performed by insulated rail joints assembled with plastic-polymer fishplates. The special laboratory measurements are related to digital picture/video measurement technique and assessment method executed by GOM hardware and software, as well as computer tomography according to laboratory bending tests. Findings. In previous papers the authors published the results of glued-insulated rail joints, in this period they continued their research with the investigation of rail joints with plastic-polymer fishplates without glueing. They tested two different types of rail fishplates made of plastic-polymer material. For the rail joints with fishplates but without glueing, the authors applied special measurement techniques by GOM products (Tritop, Aramis) that enable high precision digital measurement techniques with spectacular visualization results. The computer tomography records ensure the opportunity to be able to receive information about inner crackings and faults of plastic-polymer fishplates, with also high precision measurements. The assessment method has to be developed for these specific measurement methodologies to be able to compare the results and define scientific statements. Originality. Up to now any researcher and research group have been dealing with insulated rail joints with special plastic-polymer fishplates without glueing applied mentioned special techniques, no one determined the exact deterioration process of these joints, as well as the crack growing phenomenon in the cross section of the fishplates. Practical value. The research team of the authors had the possibility to see into the details of glass-fibre reinforced resin bonded plastic fishplates during laboratory tests, as well as they publish timely information in the consideration of their laboratory tests’ results. This result can be applied in railway engineering at all stages: design, construction, maintenance&operation in the future.
Мета. У цій статті передбачено визначити поведінку ізольованих рейкових з’єднань із полімер-композитними накладками без склеювання під час розгляду динамічних навантажень щодо власних лабораторних випробувань. Автори представляють прикладні можливості вимірювання. Методика. Динамічні (втомні) випробування на вигин було проведено за допомогою ізольованих рейкових з’єднань, зібраних із пластикових полімерних рейкових накладок. Спеціальні лабораторні випробування пов’язані з технікою вимірювання та методом оцінки цифрового зображення/відео, що виконані апаратними і програмними засобами GOM, а також з комп’ютерною томографією відповідно до лабораторних випробувань на вигин. Результати. У попередніх роботах автори публікували результати дослідження клейових рейкових стиків, зараз вони продовжують дослідження рейкових стиків із пластиково-полімерними накладками без склеювання. Було випробувано два різних типи рейкових накладок, виготовлених із полімерно-пластикового матеріалу. Для рейкових стиків із накладками без склеювання автори використали спеціальні методи вимірювання, розроблені GOM (Tritop, Aramis), які дозволяють застосовувати високоточні цифрові вимірювання з вражаючими результатами візуалізації. Записи комп’ютерної томографії забезпечують можливість отримувати інформацію про внутрішні тріщини та пошкодження пластиково-полімерних рейкових накладок, а також про вимірювання з високою точністю. Метод оцінки повинен бути розроблений для цих конкретних методик вимірювання, щоб мати можливість порівнювати результати і визначати наукові твердження. Наукова новизна. До цього часу дослідники й дослідницькі групи займалися вивченням ізольованих рейкових стиків зі спеціальними пластиково-полімерними накладками без склеювання, застосовуючи згадані спеціальні методи; ніхто не визначав точний процес руйнування цих з’єднань, а також явище збільшення тріщин у поперечному перерізі рейкових накладок. Практична значимість. Дослідницька група авторів мала можливість ознайомитися з деталями рейкових накладок, посилених скловолокном, склеєних смолою під час лабораторних випробувань, а також опублікувати своєчасну інформацію про результати лабораторних випробувань. Ці результати в майбутньому можна застосовувати в залізничному машинобудуванні на всіх етапах: проєктування, будівництво, технічне обслуговування й експлуатація.
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