Power outage owing to shortage of power generation, transmission losses, lack of planning and inappropriate policies has led to escalate the energy crisis in Pakistan. The reason for selecting ...Pakistan is to facilitate its 220 million population and to attract the international investors to take benefit by integrating power generation units into National Grid of Pakistan (NGOP). Domestic, Industrial, health and education sectors are badly affected due to this power crisis. Instead of remedial measures and providing incentives to the investors in power sector, the government of Pakistan (GOP) has remained unable to overcome the dilemma in power sector due to improper check and balance. The failures in completion of hydropower dams and generating electricity by fossil fuels has resulted in increased power generation cost and environmental hazards. Therefore, some suitable solutions are compulsory for meeting the escalating power demands adequately. The incorporation of renewable energy units and stopping electricity theft can be the most explicit choice for meeting aforementioned problems. This paper explores the vast potential of Pakistan with respect to energy production by means of solar and wind power units. Moreover, most appropriate sites for incorporating power generation units are also critically reviewed. The paper also proposes the short-term, mid-term and long-term effective solutions along various practical proposals for overcoming the existing power crisis in Pakistan.
•Severe energy crisis is observed in Pakistan due to which 220 million population and various investors are effective badly.•Global trend is to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy for healthier environment.•This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the already existed renewable energy sources.•Authors have proposed various solutions to enhance the productivity of already existed resources.•Long term, mid-term and short terms solutions have been proposed to overcome the energy crisis in developing countries.
In the last few decades, wind energy has become a significant source of the renewable energy system, and it is essential to use wind energy for generating power and run the wind turbine system (WTs) ...at a higher level. With the rapid penetration of wind energy in the distributed generation system (DGS) and isolated micro-grid (MG), the WT runs at its optimal energy conversion output. For this, WT has to track or drive at the optimal power point tracking algorithm. However, various publications are available on MPPT algorithms for wind energy system (WES) applications, making a choice on exact trackers for a particular algorithm because each tracker has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, our primary goal is to review and evaluate the exact tracking algorithm for WES applications in this manuscript. To introduce the power controller, it is essential to track maximum power despite wind energy results. Besides, many algorithms have been evaluated, and their maximum output is achieved compared to their performance. This research paper will help researchers provide an accurate reference for future recommendations by selecting the best tracking algorithms in WES.
The incorporation of wind energy as a non-conventional energy source has received a lot of attention. The selection of wind turbine (WT) prototypes and their installation based on assessment and ...analysis is considered as a major problem. This paper focuses on addressing the aforementioned issues through a Weibull distribution technique based on five different methods. The accurate results are obtained by considering the real-time data of a particular site located in the coastal zone of Pakistan. Based on the computations, it is observed that the proposed site has most suitable wind characteristics, low turbulence intensity, wind shear exponent located in a safe region, adequate generation with the most adequate capacity factor and wind potential. The wind potential of the proposed site is explicitly evaluated with the support of wind rose diagrams at different heights. The energy generated by ten different prototypes will suggest the most optimum and implausible WT models. Correspondingly, the most capricious as well as optimal methods are also classified among the five Weibull parameters. Moreover, this study provides a meaningful course of action for the selection of a suitable site, WT prototype and parameters evaluation based on the real-time data for powering local communities.
The sustainable heat integration method proves to be a highly effective approach in reducing energy consumption and addressing greenhouse gas emissions while optimizing overall system performance. ...This study introduces a novel integrated system that combines cooling, heating, power generation, and desalination and is specifically designed for a biomass-based gas turbine cycle. This system consists of a biomass combustion unit, a gas turbine cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, an absorption chiller, and a multi-effect desalination unit. This model, which is proposed for the first time and embraces an innovative thermal matching process, is simulated by the Aspen HYSYS software. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation employing a thorough multi-criteria analysis is conducted, examining the process from multiple perspectives, including energy, exergy, environment, and economics under different operational scenarios. The results indicate that the overall procedure can produce power output of 20,150 kW, chilled water at a rate of 188 kg/s, hot water at a rate of 27.87 kg/s, steam at a rate of 4.28 kg/s, and fresh water at a rate of 0.07 kg/s. From a thermodynamic perspective, considering the entire system, the current process yielded energy and exergy efficiencies of 54.26 % and 29.14 %, respectively. In addition, the environmental assessment exhibits that the determined carbon dioxide emission for the developed system amounts to 0.6544 kgCO2/kWh. In the context of the entire operational mode, it is observed that the total unit exergy cost amounted to 10.28 $/GJ. This outcome illustrates a significant reduction of 33.46 % compared to the single-generation mode.
•Designing a sustainable heat integration method for a biomass-fed gas turbine cycle•Proposed system comprises a CCHP-desalination process modeled by Aspen HYSYS software.•Multi-criteria analysis is undertaken, analyzing different operational scenarios.•The current process yielded energy and exergy efficiencies of 54.26 % and 29.14 %.•CO2 emission and TUEC for the system amount to 0.6544 kgCO2/kWh and 10.28 $/GJ
Considering the importance of efficient thermal integration for a gas turbine cycle using its energetic flue gas, the current paper proposes an eco-friendly and efficient process integrated into a ...gas turbine cycle. The newly designed polygeneration structure produces power, hot water, and methanol. The components of this system include a heat provider unit, a direct carbon dioxide hydrogenation unit for the production of methanol, an ammonia Rankine cycle, a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, a supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle, and two organic Rankine cycles. The feasibility of the proposed model is evaluated using a comprehensive multi-variable assessment from energy, exergy, economic, and environmental approaches. This system exhibits a power production capacity of 17197.23 kW and a methanol generation rate of 0.7573 kg/s. Also, the total irreversibility is equal to 68161.18 kW. Besides, the total energy and exergy efficiencies are found as 68.73% and 32.03%, respectively. This model's carbon dioxide emission is 18667.36 kgCO2/h, and its carbon footprint equals 0.2196 kgCO2/kWh. Furthermore, the economic analysis reveals that the project has an annual total cost of 194,602,338 and a net present value of 686,221,616. Besides, the computed total unit costs for products and energy are 0.3385 $/kWh and 89.81 $/GJ, respectively.
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•New heat integration combined with a gas turbine, producing power, heat, and methanol.•Comprehensive multi-variable approach for evaluating the feasibility of the model.•Aspen HYSYS software is used for simulation as well as sensitivity study.•Exergy efficiency and CO2 footprint are 32.03% and 0.2196 kgCO2/kWh.•Total unit cost of products and net present value are 89.81 $/GJ and $686,221,616
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize synchronizing technology and routine life for sustainability. Food and water shortage, and exponentially increasing environmental pollution are the ...biggest challenges for sustainability. Livestock plays a vital role in developing countries’ economies; the most profitable businesses are breeding dairy and non-dairy products. The productivity of cattle farms is dependent on the health conditions of cattle. Identifying unhealthy cattle and providing suitable treatment is critical. Hence, deploying the Internet of Things (IoT) along with AI systems is one of the potential solutions. This cattle health monitoring system provides monitoring of cattle health to ensure the minimum human intervention. A system has been designed and developed to aid the intelligent cattle health monitoring system by using machine learning techniques. The system includes multiple sensor nodes, each having a body area sensor that is connected to the IoT platform through a controller. As a novelty, the prototype has been trained and evaluated using a federated learning technique. The system warns the owner about specific diseases such as fever, mastitis, foot and mouth disease, and ketosis. The presented results validate the proposal as it diagnoses the prescribed viral diseases precisely. We have implemented the Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifier for this multiclass problem. Considering the federated learning model, three different datasets are considered as three different clients with 70% train and 30% test data. Client 1, Client 2, and Client 3 represent the cattle farm, veterinary hospital, and veterinary respectively. The sensor nodes are placed on key points of the cattle body while each node collects physiological parameters that are further used to train the prediction system. Additionally, we have developed a user-friendly Android application for the owner to control cattle well-being. A comprehensive comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed system outperforms existing state-of-the-art systems by showing good accuracy.
Voltage-source-converter-based multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTDC) networks are extensively recognized as a viable solution for meeting the increasing demand of electrical energy and ...escalating penetration of renewable energy sources. DC faults are major limitations to the development of MTDC networks. The analysis of variable constraints has become mandatory in order to develop a reliable protection scheme. This paper contributes in assessing the propagation delay with the analytical approximation in MTDC networks. The propagation delay is analyzed in the time domain by taking only the forward traveling wave into account and considering the initial voltage step of magnitude at the fault position. Numerous simulations were carried out for different parameters and arrangements in Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) to explore the proposed expressions. The results accurately depicted the time development of fault current. The results obtained from the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) confirmed that the proposed approach is capable of evaluating propagation delay in MTDC networks. Moreover, the influence of fault resistance is also taken into account for investigating its effect on the system parameters.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been a noticeable technology and made significant progress since the late 1980s. Despite the tremendous growth, this technology is still facing numerous manufacturing ...challenges. AM of structures and smart materials such as shape memory polymers and alloys is one of the most actively researched areas in which printed objects can alter their properties and shape when exposed to a stimulus e.g., light, temperature, magnetic fields, pH, and humidity. The AM-build parts which can take advantage of these shape-changing features, lead to the growth of 4D printing by introducing time as a fourth dimension in AM processes. This new field originated in 2013, and since then, it has generated great interest due to its potential to build innovative, multi-functional, self-assembling, and self-repairing components with modifiable properties, shapes, and functionalities. This review article intends to examine the major developments of 4D printing in the biomedical field. The study will provide an overview of various 4D printing technologies including vat photo-polymerization, extrusion-based methods, and material jetting and their uses in the biomedical field. It focuses on smart materials like SMPs, LCEs, SMPAs, etc., and their applications in various industries e.g., mechanical, biomedical, aerospace, etc., and explores external stimuli such as moisture, temperature, pH, magnetic fields, and light. The article delves into the promising applications of 4D printing in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, orthopedics, medical devices, tissue engineering, and dentistry and analyzes the challenges associated with 4D printing in the biomedical field, and suggests the future directions including optimization of printing parameters, and exploration of novel materials to broaden its applications.
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•Overview and utilization of 4D printing technologies in biomedical fields.•Explores smart materials such as polymers, hydrogels, etc., and external stimuli applications in various industries.•Explores 4D printing's potential in biomedical applications.•4D printing challenges in biomedical field, printing parameter optimization and material exploration for future applications.
The utilization of biomass feedstock in the energy system for sustainable production is essential due to its renewable nature and high energy density. However, the primary challenge lies in designing ...environmentally friendly biomass-use structures. This research introduces a novel trigeneration system that integrates power, cooling, and heat production through biomass combustion to address this issue. As another novelty in system development, the proposed system includes a carbon dioxide capture unit, further enhancing the system. The proposed framework consists of several subsystems: an organic Rankine cycle, an absorption chiller, a carbon dioxide capture cycle utilizing monoethanolamine solvent, a liquefied natural gas regasification unit, and a low-pressure steam production boiler. The newly developed system is modeled using the Aspen HYSYS software and is assessed from thermodynamic, economic, and environmental perspectives. Also, a parametric analysis is conducted to examine the impact of key design parameters on the system’s performance. Based on the study’s findings, it can be observed that the energy and exergy efficiencies amount to 58.4 % and 17.09 %, respectively. In addition, the suggested procedure exhibits a total exergy destruction of 53,636 kW. The findings of the environmental impact assessment indicate that the shift from power generation to trigeneration scenario results in a substantial decrease in carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, the emission reduction potential ranges from 0.24 to 0.041 kg/kWh. Furthermore, the economic evaluation shows that the system reaches a cost per unit exergy of 0.249 $/kWh. This variable denotes a substantial decrease of 81.42 % compared to the power generation operational mode.
•Multi-variable study and sensitivity analysis of a biomass-based trigeneration system.•Use of LNG cold energy and post-combustion CO2 capture for enhancing the operation.•The system is modeled by Aspen HYSYS software and is assessed from 4E perspective.•Total energy and exergy efficiencies amount to 58.4 % and 17.09 %, respectively.•CO2 emission intensity and products' unit cost are 0.041 kg/kWh and 0.249 $/kWh.
The volatility and intermittency of wind energy result in highly unpredictable wind power output, which poses challenges to the stability of the intact power system when integrating large-scale wind ...power. The accuracy of wind power prediction is critical for maximizing the utilization of wind energy, improving the quality of power supply, and maintaining the stable operation of the power grid. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel hybrid forecasting model, referred to as Hybrid WT–PSO–NARMAX, which combines wavelet transform, randomness operator-based particle swarm optimization (ROPSO), and non-linear autoregressive moving average with external inputs (NARMAX). The model is specifically designed for power generation forecasting in wind energy systems, and it incorporates the interactions between the wind system’s supervisory control and data acquisition’s (SCADA) actual power record and numerical weather prediction (NWP) meteorological data for one year. In the proposed model, wavelet transform is utilized to significantly improve the quality of the chaotic meteorological and SCADA data. The NARMAX techniques are used to map the non-linear relationship between the NWP meteorological variables and SCADA wind power. ROPSO is then employed to optimize the parameters of NARMAX to achieve higher forecasting accuracy. The performance of the proposed model is compared with other forecasting strategies, and it outperforms in terms of forecasting accuracy improvement. Additionally, the proposed Prediction Error-Based Power Forecasting (PEBF) approach is introduced, which retrains the model to update the results whenever the difference between forecasted and actual wind powers exceeds a certain limit. The efficiency of the developed scheme is evaluated through a real case study involving a 180 MW grid-connected wind energy system located in Shenyang, China. The proposed model’s forecasting accuracy is evaluated using various assessment metrics, including mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE), with the average values of MAE and RMSE being 0.27% and 0.30%, respectively. The simulation and numerical results demonstrated that the proposed model accurately predicts wind output power.
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