Review of Particle Physics Workman, R L; Klempt, E; Agashe, K ...
Progress of theoretical and experimental physics,
08/2022, Letnik:
2022, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured ...properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances.
The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.
The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the association between acute mental changes and adverse outcomes in hospitalized adults with COVID‐19.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the occurrence of delirium in ...hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 and explore its association with adverse outcomes.
DESIGN
Longitudinal observational study.
SETTING
Tertiary university hospital dedicated to the care of severe cases of COVID‐19 in São Paulo, Brazil.
PARTICIPANTS
A total of 707 patients, aged 50 years or older, consecutively admitted to the hospital between March and May 2020.
MEASUREMENTS
We completed detailed reviews of electronic medical records to collect our data. We identified delirium occurrence using the Chart‐Based Delirium Identification Instrument (CHART‐DEL). Trained physicians with a background in geriatric medicine completed all CHART‐DEL assessments. We complemented our baseline clinical information using telephone interviews with participants or their proxy. Our outcomes of interest were in‐hospital death, length of stay, admission to intensive care, and ventilator utilization. We adjusted all multivariable analyses for age, sex, clinical history, vital signs, and relevant laboratory biomarkers (lymphocyte count, C‐reactive protein, glomerular filtration rate, D‐dimer, and albumin).
RESULTS
Overall, we identified delirium in 234 participants (33%). On admission, 86 (12%) were delirious. We observed 273 deaths (39%) in our sample, and in‐hospital mortality reached 55% in patients who experienced delirium. Delirium was associated with in‐hospital death, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.75 (95% confidence interval = 1.15–2.66); the association held both in middle‐aged and older adults. Delirium was also associated with increased length of stay, admission to intensive care, and ventilator utilization.
CONCLUSION
Delirium was independently associated with in‐hospital death in adults aged 50 years and older with COVID‐19. Despite the difficulties for patient care during the pandemic, clinicians should routinely monitor delirium when assessing severity and prognosis of COVID‐19 patients.
Review of Particle Physics Barnett, R M; Beringer, J; Dahl, O ...
Progress of theoretical and experimental physics,
2020, Letnik:
2020, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured ...properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons.
The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.
The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.
Dependence of flame suppression concentration on the equivalence ratio was analyzed using modeling premixed propane/air flame inhibited by 2-BTP, Novec 1230, CF3Br, H2O, CO2, and N2. It was obtained ...that the suppression concentration of additives with fuel component is increased in the fuel-lean mixtures as a result of the increase of adiabatic flame temperature with their addition. Calculations of adiabatic explosion pressure (combustion temperature) under constant volume conditions demonstrate that the addition of inhibitors with fuel component to the lean mixtures increases the combustion pressure even for CF3Br additive. Suppression concentrations of inert additives (N2, CO2, H2O) were at the maximum for slightly rich mixtures where the maximum adiabatic flame temperature is observed. Calculations for the blend (inert and effective chemical inhibitor; CO2/2-BTP) demonstrate that their use might be effective in the lean mixtures close to the flammability limits. The suppression concentration of 2-BTP in the blend (2-BTP/CO2 = 50/50) was less than for pure inhibitor (2-BTP), thus leading to some decrease of the combustion pressure for inhibited flames near the flammability limits in comparison with pure 2-BTP.
The solar wind particles reflected by the lunar magnetic field are the major energy source of electromagnetic wave activities, such as the 100 s magnetohydrodynamic waves and the 1 Hz whistler‐mode ...waves generated by protons and the non‐monochromatic whistler‐mode waves generated by mirror‐reflected electrons. Kaguya found a new type of whistler‐mode waves at 100 km altitude above the polar regions of the Moon with a broad frequency range of 1–16 Hz. The waves appear diffuse in both the time and frequency domains, and their occurrence is less sensitive to the magnetic connection to the lunar surface. The polarization is right‐handed with respect to the background magnetic field, and the wave number vector is nearly parallel to the magnetic field perpendicular to the solar wind flow. The diffuse waves are thought to be generated by the solar wind ions reflected by the lunar magnetic field through cyclotron resonance. The resonant ions are expected to have a velocity component parallel to the magnetic field larger than the solar wind bulk speed; however, such ions were not always simultaneously detected by Kaguya. The waves may have been generated above the dayside of the Moon and then propagated along the magnetic field being convected by the solar wind to reach the polar regions to be detected by Kaguya.
Plain Language Summary
Unlike Earth, the Moon is not shielded by a global magnetic field; hence, solar wind particles can access the lunar surface. Although most of these particles are absorbed by the surface, a small fraction is scattered by the surface or reflected by intense lunar magnetic fields (magnetic anomalies) back into the solar wind and can become an energy source of wave activities. The protons reflected by these magnetic anomalies generate 0.01 Hz ultra‐low frequency waves and 1 Hz electron cyclotron waves. The electrons reflected by the lunar magnetic field form a field‐aligned beam that generates broadband electromagnetic waves, whose detection depends on the magnetic connection of spacecraft to the lunar surface. Kaguya found a new type of electromagnetic waves with a broad frequency range like the waves generated by the electrons, but less sensitive to the magnetic connection like the waves generated by the reflected protons. These electromagnetic waves are preferentially observed above the polar region of the Moon, not above intense magnetic anomalies. They are thought to be generated by the solar wind ions reflected by the lunar magnetic fields and propagate along the solar wind magnetic field to the polar region being convected down the solar wind flow.
Key Points
Diffuse emission of whistler‐mode waves from 1 to 16 Hz is found over the polar regions of the Moon in the solar wind
Right‐hand polarized waves propagate parallel to the background magnetic field without a significant Doppler shift
The waves are thought to be generated by the ions reflected by the Moon and propagate along field lines convected by the solar wind
Mechanisms of magnetic field intensification by flows of an electrically conducting fluid in a rapidly rotating spherical shell are investigated using a numerical dynamo model with an Ekman number of ...$1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 5} $. A strong dipolar solution with a magnetic energy 55 times larger than the kinetic energy of thermal convection is obtained. In a regime of small viscosity and inertia with the strong magnetic field, the convection structure consists of a few large-scale retrograde flows in the azimuthal direction and localized thin sheet-like plumes. A detailed term-by-term analysis of the magnetic field amplification processes shows that the magnetic field is amplified through stretching of magnetic lines, which occurs typically through four types of flow: the retrograde azimuthal flow near the outer boundary, the downwelling flow of the sheet plume, the prograde azimuthal flow near the rim of the tangent cylinder, and the cylindrical-radially alternating flows of the plume cluster. The current loop structure emerges as a result of stretching the magnetic lines along the magnetic field by the flow acceleration. The most remarkable effects of the generated magnetic field on the flow come from the strong azimuthal (toroidal) magnetic field. Similarities of the present model in the convection and magnetic field structures to previous studies at larger and even smaller Ekman numbers suggest universality of the dynamo mechanism in rotating spherical dynamos.
Interaction between the solar wind and objects in the solar system varies largely according to the settings, such as the existence of a global intrinsic magnetic field and/or thick atmosphere. The ...Moon's case is characterized by the absence of both of them. Low energy ion measurements on the lunar orbit is realized more than 30 years after the Apollo period by low energy charged particle analyzers MAP‐PACE on board SELENE(KAGUYA). MAP‐PACE ion sensors have found that 0.1%∼1% of the solar wind protons are reflected back from the Moon instead of being absorbed by the lunar surface. Some of the reflected ions are accelerated above solar wind energy as they are picked‐up by the solar wind convection electric field. The proton reflection that we have newly discovered around the Moon should be a universal process that characterizes the environment of an airless body.
Phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) have been found to be significantly more effective than CF3Br for reducing burning velocity when added to stoichiometric hydrocarbon-air flames. However, when ...added to lean flames, DMMP (dimethylmethylphosphonate) is predicted to increase the burning velocity. The addition of DMMP to lean mixtures apparently increases the equivalence ratio (fuel/oxidizer) and the combustion temperature, as a result of hydrocarbon content of DMMP molecule. Premixed flames studies with added DMMP, OP(OH)3, and CF3Br are used to understand the different behavior with varying equivalence ratio and agent loading. Decrease of the equivalence ratio leads to the decrease of inhibition effectiveness of PCCs relative to bromine-containing compounds. For very lean mixtures CF3Br becomes more effective inhibitor than PCCs. Calculations of laminar burning velocities for pure DMMP/air mixtures predict the maximum burning velocity of 10.5cm/s at 4.04% of DMMP in air and at an initial temperature of 400K. Adiabatic combustion temperature is 2155K at these conditions.
Marked seasonality, especially in sexual reproduction, is common among seaweed species along temperate coasts and increases the possibility of successful fertilization in outcrossing species. A ...phenological shift in reproductive seasons, therefore, could be an effective isolation barrier between conspecific seasonal populations, although its power has not been verified in algae. Sargassum horneri, a major component of seaweed beds along the temperate coast of Japan, is known for variability in its reproductive phenology. To understand the significance of phenological shift as an isolation barrier in seaweed species, phenological investigations of S. horneri seasonal populations on the Sea of Japan coast of central Honshu, Japan, were combined with Bayesian cluster analysis based on a nuclear simple sequence repeat genotype. Results fromthese analyses concordantly suggest a genetic differentiation between the seasonal populations, although almost 20% of field-collected plants were estimated to be hybrids or have a hybrid origin based on results of Bayesian cluster analyses using experimental hybrids. A collapse of seasonal isolation was also detected at the site of the field investigation, and a high percentage of putative hybrids in the following generation at the site (41%) suggested significant seasonal isolation in the differentiation observed in this study.
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