The use of ethephon can achieve early and concentrated the machine-harvested cotton boll opening. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the boll-period shortening on the boll weight, ...fiber quality, and relationship, when the ethephon was sprayed at different stages of the boll development with a selection of 18 materials. The results showed that when the period of cotton was 47–69 days, spraying ethephon at the age of boll was 40.5–49.7 days, which could advance boll opening by 3.5–5.7days. It took 64.1–69.7 days for fiber to fully mature under ethephon, while it took 54.8–60.5 days for cotton seed. When boll was opened 1.5–6.2 days earlier, the probability of boll weight and fiber quality decreasing was up to 58.0%–76.5%. To achieve an early opening of the boll, ethephon can be applied at the boll age of 34.8–44.1 days, when the boll weight(< 0.26 g) and fiber quality damage(length reduction < 0.28 mm and fiber strength < 0.30 cN tex–1) at the top of cotton plant are reduced by 5% and 1%, res
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is being extensively used in repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures due to their excellent performance and ease of application. Externally bonded FRP ...hydraulic structures in fluctuating backwater area are likely being exposed to wet-dry cycles and unavoidably being attacked by chloride ions, sulfate ions in water. Therefore, the long-term durability of FRP composites under wet-dry cycles in various corrosive solutions becomes a major consideration in the selection of these composites. This paper evaluates the durability of three kinds of FRP sheets under four kinds of wet-dry cycles, which represent the hydraulic structures various conditions. Tensile tests of FRP sheets for periods up to one year have been presented. Test results indicate that: (1) Degradation of FRP sheets is primarily observed on the level of tensile strength rather than of elastic modulus; (2) Degradation of FRP sheets under wet-dry cycles in sulfate and chloride solutions is more significant than in alkali and acid solutions; (3) AFRP sheets and CFRP sheets show better resistance against wet-dry cycles in various solutions than BFRP sheets.
Background: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use, episodic heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence and their socio‐demographic correlates in Beijing, China.
Methods: A total of ...5,926 subjects were randomly selected in Beijing and interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 1.0). Data on basic socio‐demographic and current major medical conditions were also collected.
Results: The 12‐month prevalence of alcohol use and episodic heavy drinking were 32.5 and 13.8%, respectively. The 12‐month and lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence were 1.7 and 4.3%, respectively. Age above 24 years, male sex, being married and employed, low education level (junior high school, primary school or illiterate), rural residence, and having comorbid psychiatric disorders were all significantly associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol‐related disorders. Only 2.4% of the subjects with alcohol dependence were receiving treatment, and a mere 1.4% had sought treatment from mental health professionals.
Conclusions: Nationwide surveys are urgently needed to further explore the prevalence of alcohol‐related disorders in China.
Tramp elements such as tin are considered harmful to steel because of hot brittleness they induce at high temperatures. Because tramp elements retained in steel scrap will be enriched in new steel ...due to the difficultly of their removal, studies on the precipitation behavior of tin are essential. In this study, the effects of different inclusions on the precipitation behavior of tin in steel were studied. The results show that the tin-rich phase precipitates at austenite grain boundaries in an Fe-5%Sn alloy without MnS precipitates, whereas Sn precipitates at the boundaries of MnS inclusions in steel that contains MnS precipitates. MnS is more effective than silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide as a nucleation site for the precipitation of the tin phase, which is consistent with the disregistry between the lattice parameters of the tin phase and those of the inclusions.
X-ray fluorescence microtomography (μXFCT) is a nondestructive analytical technique and has been widely used to nondestructively detect and quantify the elemental composition and distributions in ...samples. Usually, synchrotron radiation X-rays are used for μXFCT, due to its high flux density. In this paper, a laboratory-source-based μXFCT system was developed, in which a polycapillary lens is employed to focus the X-ray beam and improve the flux density. The maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm was used to reconstruct the computed tomography slices at a limited number of projections. The experimental results demonstrated that the developed system could reveal the elemental distribution inside the test sample, with an elemental sensitivity of 1000 ppm.
To establish a suitable and effective protocol of protein extraction for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis in kenaf leaf tissues, three extraction methods (trichloroacetic ...acid/acetone, urea/thiourea, and phenol extraction methods) were applied to the extraction of kenaf leaf protein. The results were compared in regard to protein extraction efficiency, sodiumdodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and 2-DE gels. Furthermore, the 2-DE system was optimized for four aspects: the pH range of IPG (immobilized pH gradient) stripes, sampling methods, sample volumes, and concentration of polyacrylamide gels. The data presented showed that the phenol extraction method is the best method to perform 2-DE analysis of kenaf leaf protein. The protein extracted from phenol extraction method reached the purity of (26.40±0.859)%, showed (25.67±1.53) protein bands in one dimension SDS-PAGE gels, and (1 374±54.44) protein spots on 2-DE gels. The research also indicates that kenaf leaf protein spots were distributed mainly within the pH range of 4-8. More clear background with a better distribution effect and many protein spots could be obtained on 2-DE gels under the conditions of active rehydration loading, 24 cm IPG strips (linear pH gradient of 4-7), 1.4 mg samples, and 12% SDS-PAGE gels.
With 3 figures and 3 tables ABSTRACT: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is one of the most economically important crops for fibre production. Genetic maps have been developed in almost all the ...agricultural crops. However, genetic information for kenaf, especially, at the molecular level is limited. To better understand the genetic basis of kenaf for the improvement of production and to lay the foundation for molecular breeding efforts, a primary genetic linkage map was constructed using sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Cultivar ‘Alian kenaf’ and ‘Fuhong 992’ were used as parents to construct an F2 population consisting of 180 plants. We selected 494 SRAP, 60 ISSR, 120 RAPD and 300 two‐primer RAPD mixture primers that amplified 396 polymorphic loci in total. At a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score threshold of 5.0 and at a maximum map distance of 25 cM, these 396 loci were used to construct the genetic linkage map with MAPMAKER/EXP 3.0, a total of 307 loci were grouped into 26 linkage groups that spanned a total map length of around 4924.8 cM with a mean density of 16.04 cM per locus. These markers were distributed randomly in all linkage groups without any clustering. The construction of the kenaf genetic linkage map will be useful for further genetic studies including mapping both qualitative and quantitative traits, marker‐assisted selection program, and comparative genomics analysis.
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