Fluorinated 2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)benzyl carbanions react with allyl and propargyl halides in a highly stereoselective way, providing homoallylic and homopropargylic fluorides, respectively, with high ...optical purity. Theoretical calculations found transition states for these transformations whose relative stabilities are consistent with the experimentally observed stereoselectivity.
Summary
Background
Increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in skeletal muscle in horses has been previously reported but only a few authors describe its location in detail.
Objectives
To describe ...and document the distribution of IRU in skeletal muscle in a population of flat racing and endurance horses.
Study design
Retrospective descriptive study.
Methods
Bone phase nuclear skeletal scintigraphy studies of 17 endurance and 9 racehorses with IRU in skeletal muscle were reviewed. The affected muscles were described and differences between endurance and flat racing horses were analysed. Ultrasonographic appearance of the muscles with IRU was also described when available.
Results
A total of 22 hindlimb scans (14 endurance horses, 8 racehorses) and 7 forelimbs scans (5 endurance horses, 2 racehorses) were analysed. In the hindlimbs, IRU was most frequently observed in the semitendinosus muscle in endurance horses (7/14, 50%) and in the gluteus medius muscle in racehorses (4/8, 50%). Bilateral IRU in the same muscle was often observed (11/22, 50%) in the hindlimbs. In 87.5% of the studies with IRU in the biceps femoris (7/8) or the semitendinosus muscles (7/8), the IRU was bilateral. In the forelimbs, IRU was most frequently observed in the triceps brachii (2/5, 40%) and latissimus dorsi (2/5, 40%) muscles in endurance horses and in the brachiocephalicus muscle in racehorses (2/2, 100%). The distribution of the skeletal muscles with IRU was more varied in endurance than in flat racehorses. No statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of the skeletal muscles with IRU between endurance and racehorses.
Conclusions
Even though no statistical differences between groups could be demonstrated, this study describes the frequent location of IRU in muscle in the semitendinosus of endurance horses and in the gluteus medius of flat racehorses included in this study. The distribution of muscles with IRU was more variable in endurance horses.
Diatoms are single cell microalgae with a silica shell (frustule), which possess a micro/nanoporous pattern of unparalleled diversity far beyond the possibilities of current micro- and ...nanofabrication techniques. To explore diatoms as natural three-dimensional nanostructured supports in sensing and biosensing devices, a simple, rapid and stable method to immobilize diatoms via gold electrodeposition is described. In this process, gold microstructures are formed, immobilizing diatoms by entrapment or crossing their nanopores. Varying the applied potential, time and HAuCl
concentration, gold deposits of different morphologies and roughness are obtained, thereby determining the diatom immobilization process. Optical and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterize diatom immobilization yields, the morphology of the gold microstructures, and the morphological integrity of diatoms. Cyclic voltammetry has been performed to characterize the gold deposits and to demonstrate the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of the gold-diatom electrodes. Electro-addressed immobilization of different diatoms on specific bands of interdigitated electrode arrays has been achieved, highlighting the potential application of diatoms for site-specific immobilization on microarrays. The feasibility to combine tailored immobilization with diatom biofunctionalization has also been demonstrated. Antibody-functionalized diatoms were immobilized on electrodes retaining their ability to detect its cognate antigen. The reported method exploits the natural three-dimensional nanostructures of diatoms together with their easy modification with biomolecules and the simplicity of gold electrodeposition to produce micro/nanostructured and highly electrocatalytic electrodes, providing low-cost and eco-friendly platforms and arrays with potential application in biosensing devices.
Cultivar pedigrees from two sugarcane origins, 9 Argentine (AR) and 7 American (AM) have been reconstructed, and their genetic similarities (based on coefficient of parentage, COP, estimates) show an ...average of 0.206 ± 0.054. CP clones that enter the pedigrees of AM cultivars are parents or grandparents of AR cultivars, demonstrating that these genotypes have a strong genetic lineage in common. On average, AR pedigrees are smaller and contain less number of founding species than AM pedigrees. However, the lower height of the former is not explained by the different participation of founding species in the pedigrees. The presence of founding species in AR and AM pedigrees increases with the year of cultivar selection, indicating that more founding species entered the pedigree in recently selected cultivars than in older ones. The ancestry of the 16 cultivars trace back to 3 founding species:
Saccharum officinarum
,
S
.
barberi
, and
S
.
spontaneum
, with
S
.
officinarum
showing the greatest percentage of participation. As
S. sinensis
participates in 13 pedigrees and
S. robustum
in 3, the 5 founding species are present in 2 out of 16 pedigrees. Interestingly, the genus
Sorghum
enters the pedigree of
LCP 85
-
384
pedigree. Industrial parameters assayed indicate that AR and AM cultivars were preferentially selected for their relatively high sucrose content and sugar yield in accordance with two facts: (i) the genetic background and the sucrose genes of sugarcane hybrids provided by the 68% of participation
S
.
officinarum
clones, and (ii) no clones of high fiber
S
.
spontaneum
have entered the pedigrees in earlier generations.
A liquid crystalline homopolymer that has photoisomerizable methoxyazobenzene groups in the side chain has been synthesized and characterized. Thin films of the nematic glassy phase of this polymer ...have been processed in order to study the absorption spectra and the vibrational and electronic circular dichroism responses by irradiation with 488 nm circularly polarized light (CPL). Selective reflection of visible light demonstrates that the irradiation of this glassy nematic azopolymer induces a helix as a consequence of the chiral arrangement of the azobenzene units. Moreover, a wedge cell with an aligning layer for planar orientation was filled with the polymer with the aim of investigating the change in the macroscopic optical properties and optical textures of the azopolymer on irradiation with CPL. The transfer of chirality from CPL to azopolymer through chiral conformations is proposed as a model for explaining the supramolecular chirality.
A liquid crystalline homopolymer that has photoisomerizable methoxyazobenzene groups in the side chain exhibits a selective reflection (see figure). The transfer of chirality from chiral radiation to the azopolymer through chiral conformations is proposed as a model for explaining, in a manner similar to chiral dopants in a nematic phase inducing a chiral nematic organization, the photoinduced helix.
Solar UV‐B radiation has been reported to enhance plant defenses against herbivore insects in many species. However, the mechanism and traits involved in the UV‐B mediated increment of plant ...resistance are unknown in crops species, such as soybean. Here, we studied defense‐related responses in undamaged and Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae‐damaged leaves of two soybean cultivars grown under attenuated or full solar UV‐B radiation. We determined changes in jasmonates, ethylene (ET), salicylic acid, trypsin protease inhibitor activity, flavonoids, and mRNA expression of genes related with defenses. ET emission induced by Anticarsia gemmatalis damage was synergistically increased in plants grown under solar UV‐B radiation and was positively correlated with malonyl genistin concentration, trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and expression of IFS2, and the pathogenesis protein PR2, while was negatively correlated with leaf consumption. The precursor of ET, aminocyclopropane‐carboxylic acid, applied exogenously to soybean was sufficient to strongly induce leaf isoflavonoids. Our results showed that in field‐grown soybean isoflavonoids were regulated by both herbivory and solar UV‐B inducible ET, whereas flavonols were regulated by solar UV‐B radiation only and not by herbivory or ET. Our study suggests that, although ET can modulate UV‐B‐mediated priming of inducible plant defenses, some plant defenses, such as isoflavonoids, are regulated by ET alone.
Solar UV‐B radiation has been reported to enhance plant defenses against herbivore insects in many species. However, the mechanism and traits involved in the UV‐B mediated increment of plant resistance are unknown in crops species, such as soybean. In this study, we show that in field‐grown soybean isoflavonoids were regulated by both herbivory and solar UV‐B inducible ET, whereas flavonols were regulated by solar UV‐B radiation only and not by herbivory or ET. Although ET can modulate UV‐B‐mediated priming of inducible plant defenses, isoflavonoid are regulated by ET alone.
Summary
Background
Relatively few studies have examined the incidence of anaphylaxis in the general population.
Objective
To report the incidence of anaphylaxis among the general population of the ...city of Alcorcon, Spain, using various public health care databases.
Methods
Episodes of anaphylaxis were recovered using validated alphanumeric strings in different fields of electronic clinical records used in the different public health settings in the city of Alcorcon (primary care, Emergency Department, hospitalized patients and Allergy Outpatient Clinic). Patients with anaphylaxis were tracked across the different clinical settings in Alcorcon.
Results
The incidence of anaphylaxis in Alcorcon was 103.37 episodes per 100 000 person‐years (total standardized incidence rate of 112.2). There was a peak of 313.58 episodes in the 0–4 years age group and a different distribution of incidence rates (although non‐significant) among different age groups between male patients and female patients. In most age groups, incidence tended to be higher for female patients aged over 10 years. Patients were attended at two or more levels in 76.78% of episodes, and a new evaluation was often made at a primary care centre (71.43%), Allergy Outpatient Clinic (75.6%), or both after the episode (58.93%).
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
This study revealed a higher rate of anaphylaxis than that in previous studies, although this incidence rate is probably lower than the real incidence rate. Studies exploring potential methodological, genetic and environmental factors accounting for these higher rates of anaphylaxis are required.
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have a high risk of premature cardiovascular disease (PCVD). Mutations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene and the R3500Q mutation in the apolipoprotein B ...(APOB) gene are known to cause FH, but lack of high-throughput methods makes routine genetic diagnosis difficult. The objective of this work was to develop a DNA array for large-scale identification of mutant LDLR alleles.
We developed a low-density oligonucleotide microarray to identify 118 DNA sequence variations (117 for the LDLR gene and 1 for the APOB gene). We verified specificity and sensitivity by analyzing 1180 previously sequenced DNA samples, and conducted a blind study screening 407 Spanish patients with a clinical diagnosis of FH.
The DNA array confirmed the previous genotyping results in almost all cases. In the blind study, the microarray detected at least 1 mutation in 51% of the patients for whom clinical diagnosis was classified as certain according to Dutch FH-MEDPED criteria; it also identified mutations in 37% of those with a diagnosis of probable/possible FH, thus giving a definite diagnosis. Patients harboring null mutations had shorter PCVD-free survival times and higher relative risk of PCVD than patients with a missense mutation.
The proposed DNA array allows large-scale population screening and provides molecular information regarding mutation type and its correlation with clinical severity of FH, which can be used to develop therapeutic strategies.
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•Sugar cane bagasse fly ash (SCBFA) was successfully employed as CDI electrodes.•Thermal treatment of SCBFA strongly improved electrosorption of salts.•Higher presence of surface ...oxygen groups was detected for the SCBFA heated at 200°C.•T200 showed the highest specific capacitance (55Fg−1) and salt removal (6.2mgg−1).•The extremely low cost of the SCBFA makes it highly competitive for CDI applications.
An abundant low-cost biowaste material such as sugar cane bagasse fly ash (SCBFA) was evaluated in this work as a capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode for brackish water desalination applications. A thermal treatment of SCBFA at different temperatures (200–800°C) was explored as a way to improve structural and electrochemical properties. Pyrolysis at 200°C resulted in an increase of the surface oxygen groups (SOG) that drastically improved electrode wettability. As a consequence, not only specific capacitance values increased (from 33 to 55Fg−1) but also maximum salt adsorption capacity (mSAC, from 2.9 to 5.3mgg−1). Higher temperatures led to higher specific surface areas materials but also to the decomposition of SOG. This resulted in lower mSAC values but still higher than pre-heated SCBFA. Under brackish water concentrations (40mM NaCl) the observed mSAC values reached 6.2mgg−1, showing the potential of the T200 material as CDI electrode.
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