Carrier water quality is one of the main characteristics for an efficient and safe spraying of pesticides. Overall related to the levels of pH and hardness. The objective was to evaluate the ...interaction between water pH and storage time of the spray, containing 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D choline and dicamba, on the visible efficacy in Ipomoea triloba, Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis; and water hardness on I. triloba. Three studies were carried out in a greenhouse. Study 1 with a 3x5 factorial, which factor A being pH of 2, 6 and 10 and factor B being 0, 2, 6, 24 and 36 hours of application after the mixture. Study 2 was a 3x5 factorial for each herbicide, whith factor A being the levels of pH (2, 6 and 10) and factor B being 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours of application after the mixture. The study 3 is a 3x7 factorial, with factor A being the herbicides and factor B levels of water hardness: 0, 65, 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 parts per million. The pH of all solutions remained stable for 48 hours after preparation. However, did not interfere in efficacy of dicamba in I. triloba. Also, longer time between preparing the spray with 2,4-D formulations and application caused reduction efficacy on I. triloba. Also, the level of water hardness decreased control on I. triloba. The pH of carrier water did not affect efficacy of 2,4-D and dicamba on the weeds; however, longer time of the spray application reduce the visible efficacy.
RESUMO: A qualidade da água é uma das principais características para uma aplicação eficiente e segura de pesticidas. De maneira geral, a qualidade da água está relacionada aos níveis de pH e dureza. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar a interação entre o pH da água e tempo de mistura da calda contendo os herbicidas 2,4-D amina, 2,4-D colina e dicamba, na eficácia visível em Ipomoea triloba, Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis; além dos níveis de dureza da água em I. triloba. Três estudos feitos em estufa. Estudo 1 em fatorial 3x5 sendo o fator A pH de 2, 6 e 10 e o fator B 0, 2, 6, 24 e 26 horas da mistura até a aplicação. Estudo 2 em fatorial 3x5 para cada herbicida, sendo o fator A pH de 2, 6 e 10 e o fator B 0, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas da mistura até a aplicação. Estudo 3 em fatorial 3x7 sendo o fator A os herbicidas e o fator B níveis de dureza da água: 0, 65, 125, 250, 500, 750 e 1000 partes por milhão. O pH manteve-se estável nas 48 horas. Entretanto, não interferiu na eficácia de dicamba em I. triloba. Além disso, maior tempo entre o preparo da calda com as formulações de 2,4-D e a aplicação causou redução da eficácia em I. triloba. Ainda, a dureza da água diminuiu o controle sobre I. triloba. O pH não afetou 2,4-D e dicamba sobre as plantas, entretanto, maior tempo de aplicação reduz a eficácia.
The objectives of this study were to determine the sample size (number of plants) required to estimate the mean of morphological traits of rye (Secale cereale L.) and verify the sample size ...variability between the traits, cultivars, sowing dates, and evaluation times for distincts mean estimation errors. Ten uniformity trials were performed with two rye cultivars (BRS Progresso and Temprano) in five sowing dates (05/03/2016, 05/25/2016, 06/07/2016, 06/22/2016 and 07/04/2016). Evaluations of traits plant height, number of leaves, and number of stems were performed during the development of the crop. In order to verify the difference of the traits between cultivars and between sowing dates and evaluation times, the F-test was applied to test the hypothesis of homogeneity of variances and the Student’s t-test was used to test the hypothesis of equality of means. The sample size of each trait was calculated for distincts mean estimation errors. There is sample size variability between the traits, cultivars, sowing dates, and evaluation times. In order to estimate the mean of plant height with the same precision, smaller sample sizes are required at the intermediate and final evaluation times compared to initial evaluation times. For the traits number of leaves and stems, smaller sample sizes are required in the initial evaluation times than in the final evaluation times. For mean estimation of traits with maximum estimation error of 15% between sowing dates and evaluation times, 83 and 103 plants are required respectively for cultivars BRS Progresso and Temprano.
Tamanho de parcela e número de repetições em capim-sudão Alberto Cargnelutti Filho; Cirineu Tolfo Bandeira; Gabriela Görgen Chaves ...
Semina. Ciências agrárias : revista cultural e científica da Universidade Estadual de Londrina,
04/2020, Letnik:
41, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela e o número de repetições, para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de capim-sudão Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.. Foram ...realizados 26 ensaios de uniformidade com duas cultivares (BRS Estribo e CG Farrapo), em quatro épocas de semeadura (20 de dezembro; 20 de janeiro; 7 de fevereiro; e 24 de fevereiro) e sob duas formas de avaliação da massa de matéria fresca (em cortes e somente no florescimento). A massa de matéria fresca foi avaliada em 936 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) (26 ensaios × 36 UEB por ensaio). A UEB foi formada por três fileiras de plantas com 1 m de comprimento (1,2 m2). O tamanho ótimo de parcela foi determinado por meio do método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação. O número de repetições, para experimentos nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos casualizados, em combinações de número de tratamentos e níveis de precisão experimental, foi determinado por processo iterativo. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de capim-sudão é 7,95 m2. Oito repetições, para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos casualizados, são suficientes para identificar, como significativas a 0,05 de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 30,2% da média do experimento.
Plot size and number of replications in Sudan grass Cargnelutti Filho, Alberto; Bandeira, Cirineu Tolfo; Chaves, Gabriela Görgen ...
Semina. Ciências agrárias : revista cultural e científica da Universidade Estadual de Londrina,
05/2020, Letnik:
41, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal plot size and the number of replications to evaluate fresh weight in Sudan grass Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.. Twenty-six uniformity trials were ...carried out in two cultivars (BRS Estribo and CG Farrapo), in four sowing seasons (20 Dec, 20 Jan, 7 Feb and 24 Feb) and two methods for evaluating fresh weight (cutting and at flowering). The fresh weight was evaluated in 936 basic experimental units (BEU) (26 trials × 36 BEU per trial). One BEU comprised three rows of plants, 1 m in length (1.2 m2). The optimal plot size was determined using the maximum curvature method of the model of the coefficient of variation. For experiments in a completely randomised or randomised block design, in combinations of number of treatments and levels of experimental precision, the number of replications was determined by an iterative process. The optimal plot size to evaluate fresh weight in Sudan grass is 7.95 m2. Eight replications, to evaluate up to 50 treatments in a completely randomised or randomised block design, are sufficient to identify as significant at 0.05% probability by Tukey’s test, differences between the mean value of each treatment of 30.2% of the mean value of the experiment.
Growth Models for Lettuce Cultivars Growing in Spring Carini, Fernanda; Filho, Alberto Cargnelutti; Bandeira, Cirineu Tolfo ...
Journal of agricultural science (Toronto),
05/2019, Letnik:
11, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The objectives of this study were to adjust the Gompertz and logistic models to fit the fresh and dry matters of leaves and fresh and dry matters of shoots of four lettuce cultivars and indicate the ...model that best describes the growth in spring. Cultivars Ceres, Gloriosa, Grandes Lagos, and Rubinela were grown in protected environment and in soilless system, in the spring of 2016 and 2017. Seven days after transplantation, fresh and dry leaf matters and fresh and dry shoot matters were weighed every four days until beginning of flowering. The Gompertz and logistic models were adjusted as a function of accumulated thermal sum. The parameters of the Gompertz and logistic models and their confidence intervals were estimated, the assumptions of the models were verified, the goodness-of-fit measures and critical points were calculated, and the parametric and intrinsic nonlinearities quantified. The logistic and Gompertz growth models fitted well to fresh and dry leaf and shoot matters of cultivars Ceres, Gloriosa, Grandes Lagos, and Rubinela, under spring conditions. The logistic model is the most suitable to describe the growth of lettuce cultivars.
The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum plot size (Xo) and the number of replications to evaluate the grains yield of rye (Secale cereale L.) and investigate the variability of Xo ...between two cultivars and three sowing dates. Eighteen uniformity trials were conducted with rye. The Xo was determined by the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation model. The number of repetitions was determined in scenarios formed by combinations of i treatments (i = 3, 4, ... 50) and d minimum differences between means of treatments to be detected as significant at 0.05 of probability, by Tukey test, expressed in percentage of the average of the experiment (d = 10, 12, ... 30%). There is variability in optimum plot size to evaluate the grains yield among the cultivars BRS Progresso and Temprano and among sowing dates in the rye crop. The optimum plot size to evaluate the grains yield of rye is 6.08 m2. Seven replicates are sufficient to evaluate the grains yield of rye in experiments with up to 50 treatments, and identify, as significant at 5% probability by Tukey test, differences among averages of treatments of 29.65% of the mean of the experiment in designs completely randomized and randomized block.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh matter of aerial part of dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), cultivar IAPAR 43 (Aratã), in ...scenarios formed by combinations of numbers of treatments, number of replications, and precision levels. The fresh matter of aerial part was weighed on basic experimental units of 1 m × 1 m in three uniformity trials with size of 24 m × 12 m (288 m2 in each trial). The soil heterogeneity index of Smith was estimated. Also, the optimum plot size was determined by Hatheway’s method in scenarios formed by combinations of i treatments (i = 5, 10, 15, and 20), r replications (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, and 10), and d precision levels (d = 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%). In experiments designed on randomized block design with 5 to 20 treatments and four replications, plots with 9 m2 were enough to identify significant differences among treatments regarding the fresh matter of aerial part in dwarf pigeon pea at 5% probability of 30% of the experiment overall mean.
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