The legacy of antiquity forms a constituent part of Cervantes’ opus. The vicinity of the classical imaginarium, with which Cervantes became acquainted during his education and while living in Italy, ...is represented by classical elements, topics, and motifs. Through these, he establishes a constant dialogue with antiquity. However, the humanistic note in his opus is most noticeable in his constant defense of freedom and human dignity and the value of the human being, reflecting the Renaissance concept of the human person. Freedom becomes a key element and cornerstone of Cervantes’ poetics, linking to the Renaissance tradition. Cervantes frequently expresses the premise of human freedom and its fundamental value. This pronounced orientation toward freedom may be related to his personal experience and explained by his painful captivity in Algeria, where he spent five years. He started to write to survive and maintain clarity of mind and spirit.
Cervantesu antični klasiki niso bili tuji, z njimi se je seznanil v času šolanja in med bivanjem v Italiji. Da mu je bil klasični svet blizu, dokazuje z vpletanjem antičnih elementov, snovi in motivike. Humanistična nota v njegovem delu je najbolj opazna v nenehni obrambi svobode in človeškega dostojanstva oziroma vrednosti človeškega bitja samega po sebi v skladu z renesančnim konceptom človeka. Svoboda kot ključni pojem in temelj Cervantesove poetike navezuje njegov opus na renesančno tradicijo. Premiso o človekovi svobodi in njeni temeljni vrednosti Cervantes izrazi na številnih mestih. Cervantesovo izrazito usmerjenost k svobodi in prežetost njegovega dela z njo pa je treba razumeti tudi skozi njegovo osebno izkušnjo in mučno ujetništvo v Alžiru, kjer je preživel pet let. Da bi preživel ter ohranil bistrost duha in razuma, je začel pisati.
Strategije Montserrat Sarto, namenjene spodbujanju branja, ki je ključna kompetenca, in doseganju avtonomne bralne pismenosti, temeljijo na igri, postopnosti in dialoškosti. V delo v skupini ...vključujejo vse udeležence (učence, dijake, študente, bralce). Izhajajo iz bralskega potenciala vsakega posameznega bralca ter njegovega notranjega doživljanja in odziva na prebrano besedilo. Postopno razvijajo razumevanje in užitek pri samostojnem branju. Spodbujajo komunikacijo z besedilom in o besedilu, učitelj je le usmerjevalec in posrednik.
V prispevku je predstavljena recepcija mita o Orfeju in Evridiki v španski baročni dramatiki, predvsem v zakramentalni igri (auto sacramental) Calderóna de la Barce. Mit o Orfeju in Evridiki, ki je ...eden tistih, ki najbolj odmeva v svetovni književnosti in umetnosti nasploh, sta v antiki v svoj recepcijski horizont uvrstila Vergilij in Ovidij. Skozi svojo pripovedno perspektivo sta ustvarila literarni različici, ki sta bili stoletja vir za reaktualizacijo mita o Orfeju. Orfeja začnejo zaradi njegovih atributov in zgodbe same že v zgodnjem obdobju krščanstva v umetnosti enačiti s Kristusom in mu pripisovati njegovo vlogo. Princip omenjene preobleke se s pomočjo alegorije še posebej razmahne z baročnimi zakramentalnimi igrami, ki nadaljujejo obsežno srednjeveško alegorično tradicijo.Calderón de la Barca je v teološko-mitološki duhovni drami Božanski Orfej povzel osnovne motive ali invariante, ki sta jih zarisala Vergilij in Ovidij, a enakost je le zunanja. Ogrodje antičnega mita je na simbolni ravni prekril s krščanskim sporočilom. Orfej, čigar moč besede in glasbe so poudarjali že v prvih zapisih, postane Kristus, njegova beseda privlači ljudi, ki jih s spustom v podzemlje, ki ga je mogoče razumeti tudi kot smrt na križu, odreši. Evridika simbolizira človeštvo s svojo šibko človeško naravo, ki ga Orfej, Bog in človek, kot poudari Calderón, reši pogubljenja. Aristej, Orfejev antagonist, ki je Vergilijeva inovacija, pri Ovidiju pa ga ne najdemo, postane princ teme, kača, zapeljivec, duhovna smrt.
El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es delimitar a partir de un análisis comparativo la relación entre los motivos renacentistas y los barrocos dentro del marco del teatro español de los Siglos de Oro, ...elaborando así el corpus de los motivos clásicos fundamentales empleados, entre otros, por los autores españoles de los Siglos de Oro. El foco de nuestra investigación han sido los siguientes temas:• la pervivencia de los motivos clásicos grecorromanos en los Siglos de Oro,• las obras clásicas que representan sus respectivas fuentes,• los autores que emplean los motivos clásicos,• la posible tipología de los motivos, empleados por ciertos autores,• la existencia de las transformaciones (o la limitación de los autores en la simple imitación),• el papel intermediario del teatro renacentista italiano,• las diferencias entre el Renacimiento y Barroco en cuanto a la cantidad y el contenido de los motivos.
El mito de Orfeo es uno de los más recurrentes en la literatura mundial porque simboliza intuitivamente temas tan atractivos y universales como son la fidelidad al amor más allá de la muerte, la ...poesía o la palabra como poder de seducción y la desgracia como destino del hombre. A lo largo de los siglos se ha introducido en casi todos los campos del saber y del arte: la filosofía, la teología, la música y la pintura.
The evaluation of genotoxicity plays an important role within hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals and consumer products. For genotoxicity assessment, in vitro hepatic cells are ...often used as they have retained certain level of xenobiotic metabolic activity. However, current protocols are designed for the use on 2D monolayer models that are associated with several limitations due to the lack of numerous biological functions, which results in the loss of many hepatic properties. In this respect, an attractive alternative are three-dimensional (3D) models. The aim of our study was to develop physiologically more relevant 3D cell model (spheroids) from the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line for genotoxicity testing. The spheroids were prepared by the forced floating method, which had been optimized for the production of a large number of uniform spheroids. The sensitivity of the spheroids to detect genotoxicity was determined by the comet assay after the exposure of spheroids to non-cytotoxic concentrations of model indirect acting genotoxic compounds, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (B(a)P), mycotoxin (AFB1), two heterocyclic aromatic amines (PhIP and IQ) and a direct acting etoposide (ET). All five tested compounds concentration dependently induced DNA damage. Higher sensitivity of 3D cell model compared to 2D monolayer culture was noticed particularly for detection of the genotoxicity of the heterocyclic aromatic amines and BaP. Deregulation of mRNA expression (qPCR) by genotoxic compounds revealed that HepG2 cells in 3D express important genes encoding phase I and II metabolic enzymes, as well as DNA damage responsive genes in an inducible form. The newly developed HepG2 3D model shows improved sensitivity for detecting genotoxic compounds compared to 2D cultures and can provide a suitable experimental model for genotoxicity assessment.
Cell lines which are currently used in genotoxicity tests lack enzymes which activate/detoxify mutagens. Therefore, rodent-derived liver preparations are used which reflect their metabolism in humans ...only partly; as a consequence misleading results are often obtained. Previous findings suggest that certain liver cell lines express phase I/II enzymes and detect promutagens without activation; however, their use is hampered by different shortcomings. The aim of this study was the identification of a suitable cell line. The sensitivity of twelve hepatic cell lines was investigated in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. Furthermore, characteristics of these lines were studied which are relevant for their use in genotoxicity assays (mitotic activity, p53 status, chromosome number, and stability). Three lines (HuH6, HCC1.2, and HepG2) detected representatives of five classes of promutagens, namely, IQ and PhIP (HAAs), B(a)P (PAH), NDMA (nitrosamine), and AFB
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(aflatoxin), and were sensitive towards reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, the commercially available line HepaRG, postulated to be a surrogate for hepatocytes and an ideal tool for mutagenicity tests, did not detect IQ and was relatively insensitive towards ROS. All other lines failed to detect two or more compounds. HCC1.2 cells have a high and unstable chromosome number and mutated p53, these features distract from its use in routine screening. HepG2 was frequently employed in earlier studies, but pronounced inter-laboratory variations were observed. HuH6 was never used in genotoxicity experiments and is highly promising, it has a stable karyotype and we demonstrated that the results of genotoxicity experiments are reproducible.
The problem of the currently used routine genotoxicity tests is relatively low predictivity of in vitro tests for in vivo genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. An important reason is considered to be ...inadequate expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in indicator cell lines. The aim of our study was to generate metabolically active differentiated hepatic progenies (hDHP) from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC) for genotoxicity testing. hDHP, generated using a three-step hepatic differentiation procedure, expressed hepatic properties such as glycogen storage and albumin secretion. The results of the comet assay demonstrated comparable sensitivity of hASC and hDHP to detect DNA damage induced by a direct acting genotoxic agent tert-butylhydroperoxide. Exposure to model indirect acting genotoxins benzo(a)pyrene, aflatoxin B
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, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo4,5-bpyridine did not induce DNA damage in hASC, while hDHP cells detected DNA damage induced by benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin B
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, indicating their metabolic activity. The gene and protein expression analysis confirmed the presence of key enzymes involved in metabolism of the three genotoxins in hDHP cells. Moreover, the exposure of hDHP to the model pro-carcinogens altered the expression of selected metabolic genes. hDHP were further immortalized with hTERT transfection, resulting in a stable cell line that can be matured to metabolically active hDHP ready for genotoxicity testing in only 2 weeks. The advantage of these immortalized cells is their prolonged replicative life span and consequently limitless supply of hDHP cells. We conclude that hDHP cells have a great potential for the application in the routine genotoxicity testing and are therefore worth further investigations.
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