Safety is a priority in aviation and for all aviation entities, including civil aviation authorities, operators, air traffic control service providers and airports. With the air traffic volume ...increase, there is a growth in the aviation system efficiency and therefore it is necessary to maintain a high level of safety. Practical processing of the operational data includes the representation and analysis of accidents and incidents in aviation over the certain period. The data presented in the paper are based on the location of the safety event, flight phase, aircraft type, accident frequency rate and other possible factors that can affect aviation safety. The main goal of analyzing the operational data is to raise safety awareness, as well as to maintaining safety risks on satisfactory level including safety risks mitigation measures.
Purpose
The paper aims to investigate the compatibility of manned-aircraft airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS) for use on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).
Design/methodology/approach
The paper ...uses the Fault Tree method for defining ACAS model adapted for the UAV operations, with the aim of showing the presence of certain factors that configure in such ACAS system, and whose failure can lead to an adverse event – mid-air collision.
Findings
Based on the effectiveness analysis of ACAS solution adapted for the UAV operations, for given inputs, it can be concluded that the probability of ACAS failure is on the order of 10–4, as well as that in the case of autonomous ACAS solution for the UAV, the probability is reduced to 10–5. The most influential factors for the failure of the UAV’s ACAS are as follows: technical implications on the UAV, human factor, sensor error, communication and C2 link issue.
Practical implications
The established model could be used both in the UAV’s ACAS design and application phases, with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of the adopted solution. The model outputs not only highlight the critical points of the system but also provide the basis for defining the Target Level of Safety (TLOS) for the UAV operations.
Originality/value
The developed model can be expected to speed up the design and adoption process of ACAS solutions for the UAVs. Also, the paper presents one of the first attempts to quantify TLOS for the UAV operations in the context of collision avoidance systems.
‘Žilavka’ has been grown in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the XIVth century and is exploited for wine production. Although not sufficiently studied, this grapevine cultivar has high economic potential ...for the country. Five survey missions resulted in the collection of eighty ‘Žilavka’ accessions that varied in terms of names and characteristics. Because of the unknown origin of the cultivar, these accessions were analyzed with microsatellites markers in order to obtain a standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype. AFLP markers were used to investigate the genetic basis of variability within the cultivar. ‘Žilavka’ grapevines were screened on 14 microsatellite loci, thus revealing 4 different genotypes arising from mutations observed at 10 polymorphic loci. AFLP analysis of 52 ‘Žilavka’ accessions revealed 35 different genotypes, with an average polymorphism of 57 %. Cluster analysis showed no grouping of different Žilavka accessions according to their names, characteristics or collection locations. The standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype was further compared to 211 cultivars from Slovenia (49), Austria/Germany (20), France (13), Portugal (27), Croatia (19), Greece (32), Spain (21) and Italy (30) in order to assess their genetic relationships. In pairwise comparisons, the highest genetic similarity was found with Slovenian cultivars ‘Glera’ and ‘Briška Glera’ (64 %) and the highest genetic dissimilarity (100 %) with two Italian cultivars, ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ and ‘Vespolina’. Inventory, collection and genetic characterization of ‘Žilavka’ accessions are important steps towards cultivar standardization, identification of parental cultivars and investigation of cultivar origin, required for its sustainable use.
A collection of 196 grapevine samples from five countries of the Western Balkan region, representing local and traditional cultivars, was genotyped with 22 SSR markers. Identity analysis revealed 125 ...unique genotypes, which were further used for diversity assessment. The average number of alleles per locus detected was 11 ± 3.53, ranging from 6 to 21. The low cumulative probability of identical genotypes (2.96 × 10⁻²⁰) shown in this study implies an even distribution of alleles within the analyzed set of grapevines and a sufficient number of loci. On the basis of the discriminatory power of each SSR, a set of five markers (VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD28, VChr3a, and VChr8b) was determined as sufficient for high-throughput discrimination of the target cultivars. The maximum discriminating power was evidenced for loci VVMD28 and Vchr8b (0.96, 0.94, respectively). A core collection covering the entire genetic diversity resulted in a set of 60 genotypes representing approximately 50 % of the samples from each country. Structure clustering of Balkan and West European cultivars resulted in four well distinct groups identified according to the classification of Negrul (1946). The lowest level of admixed genotypes was assigned for grapevines from Bosnia and Herzegovina (61 %) and the highest for Serbian (87 %) grapevines. In terms of grape use, the wine cultivars were divided into three groups and the fourth group was intermixed, with half wine and half table grapes. The highest Nei’s genetic distance (0.22) was discovered between Slovenian and Macedonian cultivars, while the lowest (0.09) was between Slovenian and Serbian cultivars. Macedonian cultivars were genetically most distant from the others (0.17). A similar pattern of differentiation among populations is seen with distance-based clustering. Analysis of molecular variance revealed only 1 % of genetic variation among groups of different origin, while the variation among individuals within geographical groups and within individuals explained 13 and 86 % of the total variation, respectively.
► 51 collected grapevine cultivars of Bosnia and Herzegovina were analyzed by 22 microsatellite markers. ► 25 unique fingerprints representing 23 cultivars and 2 unnamed genotypes were found. ► The ...results of the study will be used for establishing a non-redundant grapevine germplasm collection.
A set of Bosnia and Herzegovina grapevine cultivars was analyzed by microsatellite markers in order to assess true cultivar identity, genetic relationships and to detect the level of genetic diversity. Survey expeditions resulted in the collection of 51 samples from 8 locations. By amplifying 22 SSR loci, 25 unique genotypes were detected, revealing new synonyms and homonyms. The number of amplified alleles was 172 and the average allele number was 7.82. The average polymorphism of analyzed loci was 71.1% and the most informative loci were VVMD28 (0.867), VChr8b (0.848), ZAG79 (0.830) and VVMD5 (0.806). Parent-offspring relationship analysis resulted in one trio elucidating the parentage of the cultivar Župljanka. A microsatellite dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair group method, in which genotypes clustered into two groups with subgroups, showing an overall genetic similarity of 36.8%. Assessment of true cultivar identity, identification of synonym cultivars, i.e., duplicates, will be used for establishing a grapevine germplasm collection with maximum genetic variability and minimum number of plants.
Apple scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most devastating diseases for the apple growing industry in temperate zones with humid springs and summers. Breeding ...programs around the world have identified several sources of resistance, of which the Rvi6 (Vf) gene from Malus floribunda 821 has been the most widely used. The appearance of Rvi6-virulent strains of V. inaequalis in several European countries have underlined the necessity of pyramiding different effective resistance genes for durably resistant cultivars. Here we report the mapping of the new apple scab resistance gene Rvi18 (V25) from the selection 1980-015-025 of the apple breeding program at Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands. This gene was fine mapped on the proximal part of LG11 to a region of 34 Kb in the apple genome sequence of ‘Golden Delicious’, using 894 progeny plants, and SSR, DArT, AFLP, and SNP markers. One gene on the ‘Golden Delicious’ reference genome was identified as the potential susceptibility allele of the resistance gene. Moreover, an SSR marker has been developed of which one of its amplicons sizes is highly specific for Rvi18, thus facilitating the directed pyramiding of resistance genes through marker assisted breeding.
‘Žilavka’ has been grown in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the XIVth century and is exploited for wine production. Although not sufficiently studied, this grapevine cultivar has high economic potential ...for the country. Five survey missions resulted in the collection of eighty ‘Žilavka’ accessions that varied in terms of names and characteristics. Because of the unknown origin of the cultivar, these accessions were analyzed with microsatellites markers in order to obtain a standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype. AFLP markers were used to investigate the genetic basis of variability within the cultivar. ‘Žilavka’ grapevines were screened on 14 microsatellite loci, thus revealing 4 different genotypes arising from mutations observed at 10 polymorphic loci. AFLP analysis of 52 ‘Žilavka’ accessions revealed 35 different genotypes, with an average polymorphism of 57 %. Cluster analysis showed no grouping of different Žilavka accessions according to their names, characteristics or collection locations. The standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype was further compared to 211 cultivars from Slovenia (49), Austria/Germany (20), France (13), Portugal (27), Croatia (19), Greece (32), Spain (21) and Italy (30) in order to assess their genetic relationships. In pairwise comparisons, the highest genetic similarity was found with Slovenian cultivars ‘Glera’ and ‘Briška Glera’ (64 %) and the highest genetic dissimilarity (100 %) with two Italian cultivars, ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ and ‘Vespolina’. Inventory, collection and genetic characterization of ‘Žilavka’ accessions are important steps towards cultivar standardization, identification of parental cultivars and investigation of cultivar origin, required for its sustainable use.
‘Žilavka’ je pomembna vinska sorta z območja Bosne in Hercegovine kjer jo gojijo že od XIV stoletja. V preteklosti ni bila dovolj proučevana vendar ima velik ekonomski potencial za omenjeno območje. Akcesije žilavke (80), ki imajo različna imena in se razlikujejo po nekaterih osnovnih karakteristikah so bile nabrane na različnih področjih Bosne in Hercegovine. Za pridobitev standardnega genotipa žilavke smo uporabili mikrosatelitne markerje in z analizo 14 lokusov odkrili mutacije na 10 lokusih in določili 4 različne genotipe. Vse akcesije (52) katerim smo na osnovi mikrosatelitov določili standardni genotip smo nadalje analizirali z AFLP markerji in tako določili 35 različnih genotipov. Povprečni polimorfizem pri AFLP analizi je bil 57 %. S klastrsko analizo nismo odkrili skupin povezanih z različnimi karakteristikami, poimenovanjem ali izvorom akcesij žilavke. Standardni genotip žilavke smo nadalje primerjali z genotipi 211 kultivarjev iz Slovenije (49), Avstrije/Nemčije (20), Francije (13), Portugalske (27), Hrvaške (19), Grčije (32), Španije (21) in Italije (30), da bi ugotovili kakšna je sorodnost z njimi. V analizi primerjave parov smo ugotovili, da je žilavka najbolj sorodna (64 %) s slovenskima kultivarjema ‘Glera’ in ‘Briška Glera’ ter najbolj genetsko oddaljena od italijanskih kultivarjev ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ in ‘Vespolina’. Zbiranje, vrednotenje in genetska karakterizacija akcesij žilavke je pomembna za standardizacijo kultivarjev, analizo starševstva in izvora sorte.
The variability of 21 microsatellite loci was analyzed in order to estimate the genetic diversity of the Buša cattle breed. A total of 50 animals involved in the study were divided into two groups: ...Buša from eastern Herzegovina and Buša from western Herzegovina. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.6. The average expected heterozygosities were 0.6885 and 0.6212 in the eastern and western populations, respectively. The observed heterozygosity values were 0.6579 and 0.6336, in eastern and western population, respectively. The degree of population differentiation (FST) ranged from 0.008 (for ILSTS006 locus) to 0.242 (for BM1818 locus), with a mean of 0.112. Cluster analysis showed that the two populations were clearly clustered into two distinct clades. This report represents the first genetic characterization of pure Buša cattle from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The obtained results are important for the future development of conservation and management strategies for this cattle breed.
The Gene Bank of the Republic of Srpska (Genetic Resources Institute of the University of Banja Luka) was established in 2009. The characterization of accessions with molecular markers began during ...2010. This paper presents the initial results of genetic characterization of five rye accessions. The analysis was performed using RAPD markers (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA). 13 amplified loci were obtained by polymerase chain reaction and 7 were polymorphic which represents 54% of total polymorphism. The coefficient of genetic similarity (according to Jaccard) ranged from 0.68 for the Nanid variety, 0.73 for the Selge variety and 0.78%, for the Albedo variety. The coefficient of similarity between accessions 1 and 2 (unknown name) was 1, which means that these two accessions have identical allelic profiles for the analyzed loci. The Albedo variety and duplicate accessions are the most genetically similar whilst the Nanid variety was the least genetically similar to other accessions under study.
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