The SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic is evolving very quickly and means a special risk for both immunosuppressed and comorbid patients. Knowledge about this growing infection is also ...increasing although many uncertainties remain, especially in the kidney transplant population. This manuscript presents a proposal for action with general and specific recommendations to protect and prevent infection in this vulnerable population such as kidney transplant recipients.
La pandemia por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) está evolucionando de manera muy rápida y representa un riesgo especial en pacientes inmunodeprimidos y con comorbilidades añadidas. El conocimiento sobre esta infección emergente va también en aumento, si bien, aún sigue habiendo muchas incógnitas, sobre todo en la población con trasplante renal. Este manuscrito presenta una propuesta de actuación con recomendaciones generales y específicas para proteger y prevenir de la infección a esta población tan vulnerable como son los receptores de un trasplante renal.
Persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is the most frequent cause of hypercalcemia observed in approximately 10% of renal transplanted (RT) patients 1 year after surgery. Persistent SHP with ...hypercalcemia is an important factor of bone loss after renal transplantation. This study prospectively evaluates the effects of cinacalcet therapy on serum calcium (SCa) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood levels, and basically on bone mineral density (BMD) in RT patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism.
Nine RT patients (eight women, one man) with allograft function more than 6 months were included based on total SCa more than 10.5 mg/dL and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration more than 65 pg/mL. After inclusion, patients started on a single daily oral dose of 30 mg of cinacalcet. At inclusion and every study visit blood levels of creatinine, Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase, iPTH 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were assessed. Baseline and at the end of study radial BMD were measured. Study follow-up was 12 months.
During the study period, SCa decreased from 11.72+/-0.39 to 10.03+/-0.54 mg/dL (P<0.001). iPTH decreased from 308.85+/-120.12 to 214.66+/-53.75 mg/dL (P<0.05). The mean serum creatinine decreased from 1.58+/-0.34 to 1.25+/-0.27 mg/dL (P=0.03) and the mean radial BMD increased from 0.881+/-0.155 to 0.965+/-0.123 gr/cm2 (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in the other parameters assessed. One patient was excluded for gastrointestinal intolerance.
In RT patients with hypercalcemia secondary to persistent SHP, cinacalcet corrects hypercalcemia and PTH, simultaneously improving BMD.
As in 2011, when the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) published the Spanish adaptation to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) universal Guideline on Chronic Kidney ...Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD–MBD), this document contains an update and an adaptation of the 2017 KDIGO guidelines to our setting. In this field, as in many other areas of nephrology, it has been impossible to irrefutably answer many questions, which remain pending. However, there is no doubt that the close relationship between the CKD–MBD/cardiovascular disease/morbidity and mortality complex and new randomised clinical trials in some areas and the development of new drugs have yielded significant advances in this field and created the need for this update. We would therefore highlight the slight divergences that we propose in the ideal objectives for biochemical abnormalities in the CKD–MBD complex compared to the KDIGO suggestions (for example, in relation to parathyroid hormone or phosphate), the role of native vitamin D and analogues in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism and the contribution of new phosphate binders and calcimimetics. Attention should also be drawn to the adoption of important new developments in the diagnosis of bone abnormalities in patients with kidney disease and to the need to be more proactive in treating them. In any event, the current speed at which innovations are taking place, while perhaps slower than we might like, globally drives the need for more frequent updates (for example, through Nefrología al día).
Al igual a como ocurrió en el año 2011, cuando la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SEN) publicó la adaptación española a las guías universales Kidney Disease Initiative Global Outcomes (KDIGO) sobre alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral en la enfermedad renal crónica (CKD–MBD), este documento contiene una actualización y adaptación a nuestro medio de las guías KDIGO del 2017. En este campo, al igual que en muchos otros nefrológicos, no se ha podido contestar irrefutablemente muchas cuestiones pendientes aún. Sin embargo, no hay duda acerca de la estrecha relación entre el complejo CKD–MBD/patología cardiovascular/morbimortalidad, nuevos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en algunas áreas o la aparición de nuevos fármacos han proporcionado notables avances en este campo y crearon la necesidad de dicha actualización. Así, destacamos las discretas divergencias que ofrecemos en los objetivos ideales de las alteraciones bioquímicas del complejo CKD–MBD respecto a las sugerencias de las KDIGO (en relación, por ejemplo, con la hormona paratiroidea o fosfato), el papel de la vitamina D nativa y análogos en el control del hiperparatiroidismo secundario, así como la contribución de nuevos captores de fosfato y calcimiméticos. Asimismo, es de destacar la adopción de importantes novedades en el diagnóstico de las alteraciones óseas del paciente renal y la necesidad de tomar actitudes más proactivas en su tratamiento. En cualquier caso, la velocidad a la que acaecen novedades actualmente, aunque menor de la que sería deseable, sí impulsan globalmente la necesidad de actualizaciones con menor demora (por ejemplo, a través de Nefrología al día).
Summary
Donor after cardiac death (DCD) grafts have excellent survival despite the high incidence of delayed graft function (DGF). We assessed the feasibility of a mammalian target of rapamycin ...inhibitor (mTOR‐I) protocol in uncontrolled DCD kidney transplantation and compared it with brain‐dead donor (DBD) transplantation under calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) treatment.
This retrospective study (2002–2011) included 109 Maastricht category II DCD patients and 218 standard‐criteria DBD as controls. Immunosuppression consisted of polyclonal antibody induction, mycophenolate mofetil, prednisone, and mTOR‐I (starting on day 6) in the DCD group and tacrolimus in the DBD group. DGF occurred in 72.5% of the DCD group vs. 26.1% of the DBD group (P = 0.001). Patient survival at 1 year was 99.1% vs. 95.9% (P = 0.112), and graft survival was 89% vs. 92.2% (P = 0.253). Patient survival at 5 years was 85.3% vs. 90.1% (P = 0.340) and graft survival was 85.5% vs. 78.8% (P = 0.166). During the first year, 46.8% (n = 51) of DCD patients were converted to CNI therapy. Serum creatinine at 1 year was 1.5(1.26–2) mg/dl vs. 1.4(1.16–1.8) mg/dl (P = 0.078). At 1 year, the acute rejection rate was 7.3% vs. 12.5% (P = 0.766). mTOR‐I‐based therapy was not associated with inferior graft function or higher rejection rates than standard CNI therapy. DCD kidney transplantation with an mTOR‐I‐based protocol is feasible but is associated with a high conversion rate to CNI‐based therapy.
Cinacalcet, a novel calcimimetic, targets the calcium-sensing receptor to lower parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and phosphorus levels in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism ...(SHPT). This study compared the efficacy of a cinacalcet-based regimen with unrestricted conventional care (vitamin D and phosphate binders) for achieving the stringent National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) targets for dialysis patients.
In this multicenter, open-label study, hemodialysis patients with poorly controlled SHPT were randomized to receive conventional care (n = 184) or a cinacalcet-based regimen (n = 368). Doses of cinacalcet, vitamin D sterols, and phosphate binders were adjusted during a 16-wk dose-optimization phase with the use of algorithms that allowed cinacalcet to be used with adjusted doses of vitamin D. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with mean intact PTH < or =300 pg/ml during a 7-wk efficacy assessment phase.
A higher proportion of patients receiving the cinacalcet-based regimen versus conventional care achieved the targets for PTH (71% versus 22%, respectively; P < 0.001), Ca x P (77% versus 58%, respectively; P < 0.001), calcium (76% versus 33%, respectively; P < 0.001), phosphorus (63% versus 50%, respectively; P = 0.002), and PTH and Ca x P (59% versus 16%, respectively, P < 0.001), and allowed a 22% reduction in vitamin D dosage in patients receiving vitamin D at baseline. Achievement of targets was greatest in patients with less severe disease (intact PTH range, 300 to 500 pg/ml) and the cinacalcet dose required was lower in these patients (median = 30 mg/d).
Compared with conventional therapy, a cinacalcet-based treatment algorithm increased achievement of KDOQI treatment targets in dialysis patients in whom conventional therapy was no longer effective in controlling this disease.
Introduction
Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and recommendations on how to replenish vitamin D deposits are scarce.
Aim
To evaluate, in KTR, the safety and ...efficacy of calcifediol in two different vitamin D supplementation regimens, in order to assess the most suitable dose.
Patients and methods
Prospective observational study with two calcifediol supplementation regimens randomly prescribed by clinicians in liquid form, at 266 mcg doses, monthly or biweekly. We analyzed 168 KTR with a functioning allograft for more than 6 months. Patients receiving other vitamin D forms, calcimimetics or bisphosphonates were excluded. Before calcifediol initiation (pre-treatment levels) and after at least 3 months of treatment (post-treatment levels), we measured serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (sCa), phosphate (sPO4) and creatinine (sCreat).
Results
In the monthly group (n = 72), 25(OH)D levels increased from 14 ng/ml interquartile range, IQR 9–22 at baseline to 31 20–38 (p = 0.000), PTH decreased from 124 pg/ml 87–172 to 114 78–163 (p = 0.006), while sCa and sPO4 remained stable. In the biweekly group (n = 96), 25(OH)D increased from 14 ng/ml 9–20 at baseline to 39 28–52 (p = 0), PTH decreased from 141 pg/ml 95–221 to 112 90–180 (p = 0.000), sCa remained stable and sPO4 increased from 3.3 ± 0.6 mg/dl to 3.5 ± 0.6 (p = 0.003). Renal function remained stable in both groups.
Conclusion
Vitamin D reposition with oral calcifediol, in a biweekly or monthly regimen, is safe and effective in improving 25(OH)D blood levels and in decreasing PTH in kidney transplant recipients.
La infección por el SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha supuesto un importante impacto en la actividad trasplantadora en nuestro país. Era esperable que la mortalidad y el riesgo de complicaciones asociadas a ...la COVID-19 en el receptor de trasplante renal (TR) fueran mayores debido a su condición de inmunosupresión y a las frecuentes comorbilidades asociadas. Desde el inicio de la pandemia en marzo del 2020 hemos mejorado rápidamente nuestro conocimiento acerca de la epidemiología, características clínicas y manejo de la COVID-19 postrasplante, redundando en un mejor pronóstico para nuestros pacientes. Las unidades de TR han sabido adaptar sus programas a esta nueva realidad, normalizándose la actividad tanto de donación como de trasplante en nuestro país.
Este manuscrito presenta una propuesta de actualización de las recomendaciones generales para la prevención y el tratamiento de la infección en esta población tan vulnerable como son los receptores de un trasplante renal.
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on transplant activity in our country. Mortality and the risk of complications associated with COVID-19 in kidney transplant (KT) recipients were expected to be higher due to their immunosuppressed condition and the frequent associated comorbidities. Since the beginning of the pandemic in March 2020 we have rapidly improved our knowledge about the epidemiology, clinical features and management of COVID-19 post-transplant, resulting in a better prognosis for our patients. KT units have been able to adapt their programs to this new reality, normalizing both donation and transplantation activity in our country.
This manuscript presents a proposal to update the general recommendations for the prevention and treatment of infection in this highly vulnerable population such as KT.
El adecuado control de la fosfatemia es objeto de importante preocupación por los profesionales involucrados en el cuidado de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), ya que los valores ...elevados de fósforo se encuentran directamente relacionados con un aumento de la mortalidad.
Con el objetivo de conocer la percepción y la implicación que los nefrólogos españoles tienen de la necesidad de controlar el fósforo sérico, así como lograr una muestra lo más representativa posible de los valores séricos actuales, se organizó la denominada «Semana del Fósforo» (13-17 de noviembre de 2017).
Se invitó a participar en una encuesta on line a todos los socios de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología, que incluía preguntas sobre aspectos relacionados con el control del fósforo en pacientes con ERC avanzada (ERCA) (filtrado glomerular <30ml/min/1,73m2) y en las distintas modalidades de tratamiento renal sustitutivo (diálisis peritoneal DP, hemodiálisis HD y trasplante renal TR).
Se obtuvieron 72 entradas de datos con 7.463 pacientes incluidos, de los cuales el 35,4% de ellos estaban en HD, el 34,8% eran TR, el 24,2% tenían ERCA y el 5,5% estaban en DP. El objetivo de fósforo sérico para los cuatro grupos de pacientes fue de 4,5mg/dl, con mínimas variaciones en función del área del territorio nacional. Los pacientes con mejor control de la fosfatemia fueron los pacientes con TR (el 93,3% presentaban valores de fósforo <4,5mg/dl), seguidos por los pacientes en ERCA (65,6% con fósforo <4,5mg/dl). Solo el 53,6% de los pacientes en HD y el 39,4% de los que estaban en DP cumplieron el objetivo de fósforo <4,5mg/dl. El grupo de pacientes en diálisis fue en el que más se prescribían captores de fósforo (73,5% y 75,6% en los pacientes en HD y DP, respectivamente), siendo menos frecuente en los pacientes en ERCA (39,9%) y solo el 4,5% en los TR.
Los resultados indican que los objetivos de los profesionales españoles están en consonancia con lo que recomiendan las guías clínicas nacionales e internacionales; sin embargo, aún hay un amplio margen de mejora para lograr esos objetivos, especialmente en los pacientes en HD y DP.
The adequate control of phosphorus levels is a major concern for professionals involved in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), since high phosphorus levels are directly related to an increase in mortality.
To know the perception and involvement of Spanish nephrologists on the control of phosphorus levels, the so-called “Phosphorus Week” was organized (November 13-17, 2017).
All members of the Spanish Society of Nephrology were invited to participate in an online survey, which included questions on aspects related to phosphorus control in patients with advanced CKD (aCKD) (glomerular filtration rate <30ml/min/1.73m2) and in the different modalities of renal replacement therapies (peritoneal dialysis PD, hemodialysis HD and renal transplantation KT).
72 data entries were obtained in the survey with an inclusion of 7463 patients. Of them, 35.4% were on HD, 34.8% were KT, 24.2% had aCKD and 5.5% were on PD. The serum phosphorus level target for the four groups of patients was 4.5mg/dl, with minimal variations depending on the area of the national territory. The patients with better control of phosphatemia were patients with KT (93.3% had phosphorus values <4.5mg/dl), followed by patients with aCKD (65.6% with phosphorus <4.5mg/dl). Only 53.6% of the patients on HD and 39.4% of those on PD reached the phosphorus goal <4.5mg/dl. The group of patients on dialysis was the one in whom phosphorus binders prescribed the most (73.5% and 75.6% in HD and PD, respectively), being less frequent in patients with patients with aCKD (39.9%) and only 4.5% in KT.
The objectives of the Spanish nephrologists are in line with those recommended by the national and international clinical guidelines; however, there is still a wide room for improvement to achieve these goals, especially in HD and PD patients.
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