In this paper, we provide evidence on attitudes toward indirect past-in-present educational discrimination (i.e., educational discrimination that took place in the past but has a negative impact on ...the current employment opportunities of the discriminated against workers). We use an original vignette-based hypothetical survey experiment and collect data from a representative sample of the US population. We find that a significant majority of respondents support costly compensation for past educational discrimination. Moreover, we find that respondents are as sensitive to indirect past-in-present educational discrimination as they are to present-day employment discrimination. We point out that the causal effects on attitudes are stronger for the intentionality of discrimination than for its financial consequences for the discriminated group. Finally, attitudes appear to be driven more by respondents' political perspective than by their own actual identity.
•The iorder of arrival of discriminated renters matters to respondents.•Respondents rank the FCFS rule lower than the 50/50 principle.•Respondents rank the FCFS rule higher than the prioritarian and ...profit-maximization principles.•Income, peer and social norm effects have a causal impact on the support for the FCFS rule.•Support for the FCFS rule is lower for respondents who live in segregated neighbourhoods.
Echoing recent policies implemented in Seattle and Portland, we examine perceptions of the fairness of the first-come, first-served (FCFS) rule in the context of discrimination in the rental housing market. To do so, we use an original hypothetical survey experiment in which a rental agent is confronted with the discriminatory preferences of his landlord customers. A sample of 2,835 respondents representative of the US population was asked about which choice was the best, from a moral point of view: to allocate rental units exclusively to whichever group applied first (FCFS rule), to the other group or 50/50 to both groups. In two separate experiments, we manipulated (i) the order of arrival of the discriminated and non-discriminated groups, (ii) the income impact of implementing the FCFS rule for the rental agent, who risks losing landlord customers if they rent to the discriminated group, (iii) peer effects, i.e., what other rental agents do and (iv) social norms shared by all members of the community. Consistent with the literature, we find that the order of tenant arrival affects respondents’ normative preferences, and that, second to the 50/50 rule, the FCFS rule is well-received by respondents. Additionally, income, peer influence and social norms all causally impact the level of support for the FCFS rule among respondents. Finally, respondents who are more likely to experience economic hardship and belong to the dominant group in their neighbourhood are the least likely to support the FCFS rule.
Using an original vignette survey, we study the normative acceptability of the trade-off between immoral profit (discrimination) and costly morality (non-discrimination). We test the causal influence ...of three factors: i) the origin of discrimination, ii) the steepness of the morality/profit trade-off and iii) anti-discriminatory moral injunctions. Contrasting with past experimental and attitudinal studies, we find that a significant minority of respondents believe that labour market discrimination is acceptable when morality results in profit loss. We also find that the three tested factors have significant effects on normative opinions. Respondents are more likely to choose profit over morality when discrimination is taste-based than when it is caused by imperfect information. Discrimination's acceptability rises with the cost of non discrimination. Anti-discriminatory moral injunctions sharply reduce the acceptability of profitable discrimination.
We question whether accessibility to local public employment agencies impacts exits from unemployment. We deal with the potential endogeneity of the residential location of jobseekers by using the ...unanticipated creation of a new agency in the French region of Lyon as a quasi-natural experiment. We use exhaustive and geo-located individual data on jobseekers and local public employment agencies. Contrary to past evidence based on aggregated data, we find no evidence that jobseekers with improved accessibility to the local public employment services experience an improvement of their probability of exiting unemployment. We however find evidence of transitory organizational effects. These findings strongly question the costly strategy of a fine distribution of local public employment agencies across the territory while suggesting that institutional issues are key.
This paper advocates, from a normative point of view, the use of multidimensional, capabilist-based urban indicators and shows that they can shed a new empirical light on socio-spatial ...differentiation in cities. First, the relevance is discussed of Amartya Sen's capability approach when assessing well-being from an urban, spatialised point of view, and a definition is proposed of a capabilist spatialised well-being indicator (CaS). After presenting the main methodological issues of its operationalisation, an example is presented of an empirical specification based on French data for the Paris region. It is shown that using CaS, instead of more traditional, income-based measures, helps to uncover interesting trends in socio-spatial differentiation in the Paris Region between 1999 and 2006. In particular, even if there was a well-being 'catching up' phenomenon between municipalities, a cluster of the least-advantaged municipalities in the Paris region seems to be drifting away in terms of well-being.
This methodological paper shows that using different local job accessibility models (LJAs) leads to significantly different empirical appreciations of job accessibility. Matching several exhaustive ...micro data sources on the Paris region municipalities, the paper benchmarks a representative set of LJA measurement models used in the recent literature and an original model where job availability is fully estimated according to a set of individual characteristics, job competition is fully modelled on the local labour market and frontier effects are controlled for. We show that the model-induced empirical differences are spatially differentiated across the Paris region municipalities, and that failing to fully estimate job availability may lead to overestimation of the job accessibility levels of underprivileged municipalities.
In this paper, an economic alternative to the standard, group-based viewpoint on segregation measurement is presented. Relying on Justice Theories, a description of an economic measure of ...inter-individual distance is provided, where emphasis is put on the utilitarian definition of well-being. In this framework, urban segregation could be appraised as the conjunction of geographical distance within the city and this economically-defined distance. Using fiscal data and the 2006 Population Census, an application is supplied for Île-de-France, in order to highlight the empirical discrepancies or complementarities of the standard and the economic conceptions of segregation. While no major discrepancies are observed, the economic point of view allows for a generalization of some of the standard approach results, and also provides additional evidence on segregation in Île-de-France.
This article examines the spatial distribution of jobs in the Paris region. Going beyond the standard analysis often centered on economic sectors, it focuses instead on the functions performed by the ...jobs. We rely on exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and segregation indicators. We bring to light the hyper-monocentric structure of job distribution in the Paris region in 2007 and show its asymmetric and segregated nature. These results call for additional work on the link between (i) spatial differentiation and functional segregation of jobs and (ii) a city’s wealth, productivity and status in the globalised economy. Our findings also raise questions about the potential role of functional hyper-centrality in competition among global metropolises.
Cet article propose d’étudier la distribution de l’emploi en Île-de-France en plaçant les fonctions d’entreprise au cœur de l’analyse. Nous mobilisons d’une part des outils d’exploration spatiale des données géographiques et d’autre part des indicateurs de ségrégation urbaine. Nous mettons en évidence la nature hyper-mono-centrique de la distribution de l’emploi francilien et révélons par ailleurs le caractère asymétrique et ségrégé de la division fonctionnelle des emplois en l’Île-de-France en 2007. Ces résultats appellent des travaux futurs sur lien entre la différenciation spatiale et la ségrégation fonctionnelle des emplois et la richesse, la productivité et la place d’une ville dans l’économie globalisée. Ils questionnent également le rôle que pourrait jouer l’hyper-centralité fonctionnelle dans la compétition entre métropoles globales.
Ségrégation et formes d'emploi à Paris Tovar, Elisabeth
Revue d'économie régionale & urbaine/Revue d'économie régionale et urbaine,
03/2010, Letnik:
mars, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Nous proposons une mesure multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté fondée sur l’approche par les capabilités d’A. Sen. En appliquant cet indicateur au contexte particulier de Paris élargi à sa petite ...couronne, nous montrons que le recours à une telle mesure de la pauvreté plutôt qu’au seul critère monétaire permet d’élargir le périmètre des zones identifiées comme très défavorisées. Par ailleurs, en étudiant l’autocorrélation et l’association spatiales de la pauvreté capabiliste avec différents marqueurs de l’accès au marché du travail (catégorie socio-professionnelle, type d’emploi occupé, accessibilité au bassin d’emploi...), nous apportons des conclusions nuancées à la question de savoir si la différenciation socio-spatiale marquée de la zone étudiée est plutôt le fait de la "ghettoïsation des riches" ou de la "relégation des pauvres".
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