The phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Launaea sarmentosa (LS) led to the isolation of two new compounds (2 and 11) along with 14 known compounds (1, 3–10, and 12–16). The structures ...of these compounds were determined through 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis, MS, electron circular dichroism spectra calculations, and comparison with published spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds include methyl pyroglutamate (1), sarmentosin A (2), caffeic acid (3), ferulic acid (4), umbelliferon (5), esculetin (6), α-conidendrin (7), apigenin (8), luteolin (9), quercetin (10), sarmentosin B (11), cynaroside (12), luteolin 7-O-rutinoside (13), rutin (14), lupeol (15), and β-sitosterol (16). Compounds 1 and 7 were isolated from the Launaea genus for the first time, while compounds 3–6, 8, 10, and 12–16 were reported for the first time in this species.
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•Two new compounds (2 and 11) and fourteen compounds (1, 3–10, and 12–16) were isolated from Launaea sarmentosa (Asteraceae).•The structures (1–16) were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison with published spectroscopic data.•Compounds 1 and 7 were obtained from Launaea genus for the first time.•The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was described.
A new isopropyl chromone (1) and a new flavanone glucoside (2) together with eleven known compounds (3–13) were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium cerasiforme (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry. Their ...structures were elucidated as 5,7‐dihydroxy‐2‐isopropyl‐6,8‐dimethyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one (1), 5,7‐dihydroxyflavanone 7‐O‐β‐D‐(6′′‐O‐galloylglucopyranoside) (2), strobopinin (3), demethoxymatteucinol (4), pinocembrin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (5), (2S)‐hydroxynaringenin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (6), afzelin (7), quercetin (8), kaplanin (9), endoperoxide G3 (10), grasshopper (11), vomifoliol (12), litseagermacrane (13) by the analysis of HR‐ESI‐MS, NMR, and CD spectral data. Compounds 1, 2, 5, 6 and 10 inhibited NO production on LPS‐activated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 12.28±1.15, 8.52±1.62, 7.68±0.87, 9.67±0.57, and 6.69±0.34 μM, respectively, while the IC50 values of the other compounds ranging from 33.38±0.78 to 86.51±2.98 μM, compared to that of the positive control, NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine acetate (L‐NMMA) with an IC50 value of 32.50±1.00 μM.
The flame‐retardant low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composites loading aluminum hydroxide (ATH), red phosphorus (RP), and expandable graphite (EG) were successfully prepared. The flame retardancy, ...the thermo‐oxidative stability, and the mechanical property of the composites were investigated. The synergistic effect of ATH, RP, and EG on the flame‐retardant property and thermal behavior of LDPE were observed. The limiting oxygen index value of LDPE significantly increased from 17.1% to 25.4% upon the incorporation of 15 wt.% of the mixture of three fillers with ATH:RP:EG mass ratio of 1:1:1; and this composite achieved the V‐0 classification of the UL94 vertical burning test. The thermogravimetric analysis of this composite under air atmosphere revealed that its residue weight remained 27.89% at 900°C. Furthermore, the results of tension tests indicated that the surface modification of ATH by magnesium stearate and RP by poly(methylhydrosiloxane) noticeably improved the tensile strength and the elongation of the composite.
The development of natural phospholipids for nanostructured drug delivery systems has attracted much attention in the past decades. Lecithin that was derived from naturally occurring in soybeans (SL) ...has introduced some auspicious accomplishments to the drug carrying aspect, like effectual encapsulation, controlled release, and successful delivery of the curative factors to intracellular regions in which they procure these properties from their flexible physicochemical and biophysical properties, such as large aqueous center and biocompatible lipid, self-assembly, tunable properties, and high loading capacity. Despite the almost perfect properties as a drug carrier, liposome is known to be quite quickly eliminated from the body systems. The surface modification of liposomes has been investigated in many studies to overcome this drawback. In this review, we intensively discussed the surface-modified liposomes that enhancing the targeting, cellular uptake, and therapeutic response. Moreover, the recent applications of soy lecithin-derived liposome, focusing on cancer treatment, brain targeting, and vaccinology, are also summarized.
Summary
A commercial cellulase preparation (Viscozyme Cassava C) was employed to process wheat bran to improve the ratio of insoluble to soluble dietary fibre. The effects of initial moisture ...content, enzyme dosage, and incubation time on the content of soluble and insoluble fibre during the enzymatic treatment were investigated. The appropriate conditions for the cellulase treatment were initial moisture content of 0.75 g water g−1 dry matter, enzyme dosage of 9 U g−1 dry matter and incubation time of 120 min under which the ratio of insoluble to soluble fibre of wheat bran was lowered by 42%. Untreated and cellulase‐treated wheat bran was incorporated into cookies at levels of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Cookie with 50% cellulase‐treated bran showed 21% lower ratio of insoluble to soluble fibre as well as 14% lower hardness and 13% higher overall acceptability than sample with the same amount of untreated bran.
Wheat bran was processed with a cellulase preparation and incorporated into cookie. The effects of treatment conditions on dietary fibre content were evaluated. Incorporation of cellulase‐treated bran augmented soluble fibre content of cookie. Hardness of cookie from treated bran was lower than that from untreated one.
Nurses play a pivotal role in pain management. Knowing more about nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain is important as we develop multidisciplinary pain services. Therefore, this study ...aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management among nurses in a geriatric hospital and its associated factors.
A survey was conducted of nurses worked at the National Geriatric Hospital over a 3-month period. The Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) was utilized to assess nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward pain management. Four domains were defined based on KASRP, included cancer-related pain, pain assessment, pharmacology and substance abuse and physical dependence. Knowledge and attitudes regarding pain were classified as poor, fair, or good (≤50%, 50% - 75%, or ≥75% of the KASRP score). Multivariate Tobit regression models were applied to identify factors associated with the knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management.
Of 154 participants completed the survey, 72.2% (111 participants) had poor knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management. The participants had a correct mean score of 45.2% (SD = 2.2). Nurses' knowledge of pain assessment was poor, with the proportion of correct answers to nine questions ranging from 2.6% to 50%. 44.8% of nurses reported never or rarely using pain assessment tools. Nurses who had previous training regarding pain at medical universities had significantly higher scores of knowledge and attitudes compared to those without training. Nurses who often use pain assessment tools had a significantly higher level of knowledge and attitudes than those who never or rarely use them.
This study highlights significant deficits of knowledge and negative attitudes regarding pain management among nurses. The subject of pain management should be applied and enhanced in the nursing undergraduate curriculum. Nurses' active participation in pain management should be encouraged by healthcare providers for older patients.
The prevalence of risk factors for poor outcomes from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) varies widely and has not been fully elucidated to date in Vietnam. Understanding the risk and prognosis ...of aneurysmal SAH is important to reduce poor outcomes in Vietnam. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the rate of poor outcome at 90 days of ictus and associated factors from aneurysmal SAH in the country.
We performed a multicenter prospective cohort study of patients (≥18 years) presenting with aneurysmal SAH to three central hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam, from August 2019 to August 2020. We collected data on the characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with aneurysmal SAH and compared these data between good (defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0 to 3) and poor (mRS, 4-6) outcomes at 90 days of ictus. We assessed factors associated with poor outcomes using logistic regression analysis.
Of 168 patients with aneurysmal SAH, 77/168 (45.8%) were men, and the median age was 57 years (IQR: 48-67). Up to 57/168 (33.9%) of these patients had poor outcomes at 90 days of ictus. Most patients underwent sudden-onset and severe headache (87.5%; 147/168) and were transferred from local to participating central hospitals (80.4%, 135/168), over half (57.1%, 92/161) of whom arrived in central hospitals after 24 hours of ictus, and the initial median World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grading score was 2 (IQR: 1-4). Nearly half of the patients (47.0%; 79/168) were treated with endovascular coiling, 37.5% (63/168) were treated with surgical clipping, the remaining patients (15.5%; 26/168) did not receive aneurysm repair, and late rebleeding and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) occurred in 6.1% (10/164) and 10.4% (17/163) of patients, respectively. An initial WFNS grade of IV (odds ratio, OR: 15.285; 95% confidence interval, CI: 3.096-75.466) and a grade of V (OR: 162.965; 95% CI: 9.975-2662.318) were independently associated with poor outcomes. Additionally, both endovascular coiling (OR: 0.033; 95% CI: 0.005-0.235) and surgical clipping (OR: 0.046; 95% CI: 0.006-0.370) were inversely and independently associated with poor outcome. Late rebleeding (OR: 97.624; 95% CI: 5.653-1686.010) and DCI (OR: 15.209; 95% CI: 2.321-99.673) were also independently associated with poor outcome.
Improvements are needed in the management of aneurysmal SAH in Vietnam, such as increasing the number of aneurysm repairs, performing earlier aneurysm treatment by surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, and improving both aneurysm repairs and neurocritical care.
•Activated carbon derived from coconut shell electrodes for CDI desalination systems.•Synergistic effect of ultra- low content Carbon nanotubes–Graphene hybrid.•Excellent electrochemical performance ...of AC/Gr/CNTs (99/0.5/0.5 wt%).•Low cost, scalable approach to produce high-performance CDI electrodes.
With increasing desalination demand worldwide, electrode materials for capacitive deionization (CDI) have attracted extensive attention recently. To compete with Reverse Osmosis, the performance of CDI electrode still needs to be further enhanced. In this work, graphene (Gr)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conducting hybrid was dispersed at as low as 1 wt% in coconut shell derived activated carbon (AC) to fabricate cost effective and high performance electrode for brackish water CDI desalination. The fabricated AC/Gr/CNTs electrodes show an excellent performance with the capacitance of 60 F/g (at 5 mV/s), the salt adsorption capacity of 9.58 mg/g and salt adsorption rate of 1.51 mg/g min at 1.0 V in 200 ppm NaCl solution. It should be highlighted that owing to the synergistic effect, the role of hybrid additive (1 wt%) was demonstrated to be more effective than that of single one, from a technical as well as from an economical viewpoint. To our best knowledge, this is the first study reporting the application of ultra-low content AC/CNTs hybrid in AC based CDI electrodes.
Case law retrieval is the task of locating truly relevant legal cases given an input query case. Unlike information retrieval for general texts, this task is more complex with two phases (
legal case ...retrieval
and
legal case entailment
) and much harder due to a number of reasons. First, both the query and candidate cases are long documents consisting of several paragraphs. This makes it difficult to model with representation learning that usually has restriction on input length. Second, the concept of
relevancy
in this domain is defined based on the legal relation that goes beyond the lexical or topical relevance. This is a real challenge because normal text matching will not work. Third, building a large and accurate legal case dataset requires a lot of effort and expertise. This is obviously an obstacle to creating enough data for training deep retrieval models. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called
supporting model
that can deal with both phases. The underlying idea is the case–case supporting relation and the paragraph–paragraph as well as the decision-paragraph matching strategy. In addition, we propose a method to automatically create a large weak-labeling dataset to overcome the lack of data. The experiments showed that our solution has achieved the state-of-the-art results for both case retrieval and case entailment phases.
This study proposes a hybrid intelligence approach based on an extreme gradient boosting regression and genetic algorithm, namely, the XGBR-GA model, incorporating Sentinel-2, Sentinel-1, and ALOS-2 ...PALSAR-2 data to estimate the mangrove above-ground biomass (AGB), including small and shrub mangrove patches in the Red River Delta biosphere reserve across the northern coast of Vietnam. We used the novel extreme gradient boosting decision tree (XGBR) technique together with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization for feature selection to construct and verify a mangrove AGB model using data from a field survey of 105 sampling plots conducted in November and December of 2018 and incorporated the dual polarimetric (HH and HV) data of the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 L-band and the Sentinel-2 multispectral data combined with Sentinel-1 (C-band VV and VH) data. We employed the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The capability of the XGBR-GA model was assessed via a comparison with other machine-learning (ML) techniques, i.e., the CatBoost regression (CBR), gradient boosted regression tree (GBRT), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR) models. The XGBR-GA model yielded a promising result (R2 = 0.683, RMSE = 25.08 Mg·ha−1) and outperformed the four other ML models. The XGBR-GA model retrieved a mangrove AGB ranging from 17 Mg·ha−1 to 142 Mg·ha−1 (with an average of 72.47 Mg·ha−1). Therefore, multisource optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) combined with the XGBR-GA model can be used to estimate the mangrove AGB in North Vietnam. The effectiveness of the proposed method needs to be further tested and compared to other mangrove ecosystems in the tropics.
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