As part of our ongoing efforts to identify novel ligands for the metabotropic glutamate 2 and 3 (mGlu2/3) receptors, we have incorporated substitution at the C3 and C4 positions of the ...(1S,2R,5R,6R)-2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid scaffold to generate mGlu2/3 antagonists. Exploration of this structure–activity relationship (SAR) led to the identification of (1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanylmethyl-4-hydroxy-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid hydrochloride (LY3020371·HCl, 19f), a potent, selective, and maximally efficacious mGlu2/3 antagonist. Further characterization of compound 19f binding to the human metabotropic 2 glutamate (hmGlu2) site was established by cocrystallization of this molecule with the amino terminal domain (ATD) of the hmGlu2 receptor protein. The resulting cocrystal structure revealed the specific ligand–protein interactions, which likely explain the high affinity of 19f for this site and support its functional mGlu2 antagonist pharmacology. Further characterization of 19f in vivo demonstrated an antidepressant-like signature in the mouse forced-swim test (mFST) assay when brain levels of this compound exceeded the cellular mGlu2 IC50 value.
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Negative modulators of metabotropic glutamate 2 & 3 receptors demonstrate antidepressant-like activity in animal models and hold promise as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment ...of major depressive disorder. Herein we describe our efforts to prepare and optimize a series of conformationally constrained 3,4-disubstituted bicyclo3.1.0hexane glutamic acid analogs as orthosteric (glutamate site) mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists. This work led to the discovery of a highly potent and efficacious tool compound 18 (hmGlu2 IC50 46±14.2nM, hmGlu3 IC50=46.1±36.2nM). Compound 18 showed activity in the mouse forced swim test with a minimal effective dose (MED) of 1mg/kg ip. While in rat EEG studies it exhibited wake promoting effects at 3 and 10mg/kg ip without any significant effects on locomotor activity. Compound 18 thus represents a novel tool molecule for studying the impact of blocking mGlu2/3 receptors both in vitro and in vivo.
The design and synthesis of the dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist (S)-2-methyl-3-{4-2-(5-methyl-2-thiophen-2-yl-oxazol-4-yl)ethoxyphenyl}-2-phenoxypropionic acid (2) ...for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated dyslipidemia are described. 2 possesses a potent dual hPPAR α/γ agonist profile (IC50 = 28 and 10 nM; EC50 = 9 and 4 nM, respectively, for hPPARα and hPPARγ). In preclinical models, 2 substantially improves insulin sensitivity and potently reverses diabetic hyperglycemia while significantly improving overall lipid homeostasis.
The substrate specificity of wild-type and Ser39 → Thr (S39T) secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (SADH) from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus was examined. The S39T mutation increases activity for ...2-propanol without any significant effect on NADP+ binding. There is no significant effect of the mutation on the primary and secondary alcohol specificity of SADH. However, an effect on the enantiospecificity of SADH by the S39T mutation is demonstrated. Throughout the temperature range from 15 to 55 °C, wild-type SADH exhibits a preference for (S)-2-pentanol. In contrast, a temperature-dependent reversal of enantiospecificity is observed for 2-butanol, with a racemic temperature of 297 K. Throughout the same range of temperatures, S39T SADH exhibits higher enantiospecificity for the (R)-enantiomers of both 2-butanol and 2-pentanol. Examination of individual k cat/K m values for each enantiomer of the chiral alcohols reveals that the effect of the mutation is to decrease (S)-2-butanol specificity, and to preferentially enhance (R)-2-pentanol specificity relative to (S)-2-pentanol. These results are the first step toward expanding the synthetic utility of SADH to allow efficient preparation of a range of (R)-alcohols.
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To understand the species selectivity in a series of α-methyl-α-phenoxy carboxylic acid PPARα/γ dual agonists (
1–
11), structure-based molecular modeling was carried out in the ...ligand binding pockets of both human and mouse PPARα. This study suggested that interaction of both 4-phenoxy and phenyloxazole substituents of these ligands with F272 and M279 in mouse PPARα leads to the species-specific divergence in ligand binding. Insights obtained in the molecular modeling studies of these key interactions resulted in the ability to convert a human-selective PPARα agonist to a human and mouse dual agonist within the same platform.
The preparation of Elanco Animal Health immunopotentiator (S)-ethyl-1-(2-thiopheneacetyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylate (1) is described. The synthesis includes a new resolution of racemic ethyl nipecotate ...with dibenzoyl-l-tartaric acid. The resolved salt is found to couple directly with commercially available 2-thiopheneacetyl chloride under environmentally friendly Schotten−Baumann conditions to afford the amide in high yield. The final product is an oil which is purified by wiped film evaporative distillation.
To understand the species selectivity in a series of alpha-methyl-alpha-phenoxy carboxylic acid PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists (1-11), structure-based molecular modeling was carried out in the ligand ...binding pockets of both human and mouse PPARalpha. This study suggested that interaction of both 4-phenoxy and phenyloxazole substituents of these ligands with F272 and M279 in mouse PPARalpha leads to the species-specific divergence in ligand binding. Insights obtained in the molecular modeling studies of these key interactions resulted in the ability to convert a human-selective PPARalpha agonist to a human and mouse dual agonist within the same platform.
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