PURPOSE To examine the characteristics of menstrual cycles in female athletes in different sports, comparison of possible deviations and changes associated with new generations of female athletes in ...training processes.METHODS The research included a total of 143 respondents (average age 17.46 ± 2.61; average training experience 8.67 ± 3.85) who were divided into three groups: sports games (n=59), martial arts (n= 16) and aesthetic sports (n= 68). An anonymous survey specially prepared for the needs of this research was conducted among the respondents. The results were processed in the IBM SPSS program, v.26. Comparisons by sports categories were made using the Chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Walis analysis of variance for ordinal variables. In the case of significant differences obtained by Kruskal - Wallis analysis, the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to determine between which groups there is a difference. A logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the regularity of the menstrual cycle using age, length and duration of training and sport category.RESULTS The groups of sports do not differ from each other with regard to cycle regularity (p=0.088). There are no differences between sports groups (p=0.935) in cycle changes. There is also no difference in duration (p=0.883) and abundance of bleeding (p=0.700). A slightly higher irregularity of menstrual cycles was observed in the martial sports group.CONCLUSION The examined characteristics of the menstrual cycle of the new generation of female athletes according to the sports groups in this research did not show significant changes, but they were noticeable in the martial sports group. Although there is a common difference in the training duration of individual sports groups, future research and monitoring of the menstrual cycle in female athletes should be further reduced according to the possible effects on the reproductive and general health of female athletes.
Are We Doing the Right Thing? Trošt Bobić, Tatjana; Bobić, Goran; Mohorović, Andrea ...
Collegium antropologicum,
2021, Letnik:
45, Številka:
3
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the Croatian high school system, students can attend the same school, but, based on their cognitive abilities, they may be assigned to a regular or an adapted study program. The basic assumption ...is that students differ predominantly based on their cognitive rather than motor abilities. Therefore, their motor abilities are evaluated through the same battery of motor tests. The aim of this study is to evaluate the metric characteristics of the tests used to evaluate motor abilities of high school students enrolled in an adapted study program, and to compare their results with the results of students engaged in the standard curriculum. The sample consisted of 28 high school students, 14 students in the adapted teaching program (experimental group P) and 14 students in the regular teaching program (control group R). The motor tests were used to assess their muscular endurance, explosive strength, coordination, and flexibility. Normality of distribution was checked by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (KS), while the data processing also included factor analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient and the t-test for independent samples. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The obtained data confirmed the homogeneity, sensitivity, and factorial validity of the tests. The results of the t-test for independent samples clearly showed a difference between the arithmetic means of the groups. The students of the R group had better results in all tests than those of the P group. The results suggest the possibility of a significantly different level of motor abilities between high school students attending regular schools according to an adapted or standard study program. All together this points to the need of an individual interpretation of a student’s results rather than a comparison with the set standards. Also, the validation of customized motor tests for a specific population should be considered.
U školskom sustavu u Republici Hrvatskoj učenici su, temeljem svojih kognitivnih sposobnosti, raspoređeni u redoviti ili prilagođeni program tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture TZK. Osnovna je pretpostavka da se učenici razlikuju pretežno na temelju svojih kognitivnih, ali ne i na temelju svojih motoričkih sposobnosti. Stoga se njihove motoričke sposobnosti vrednuju kroz istu bateriju motoričkih testova. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi metričke karakteristike testova kojima se ocjenjuju motoričke sposobnosti srednjoškolaca iz prilagođenog programa te usporediti njihove rezultate s rezultatima studenata uključenih u redovitu nastavu TZK. Uzorak ispitanika čini 28 učenika srednjih škola; 14 učenika iz prilagođenog programa (eksperimentalna skupina) i 14 učenika iz redovitog programa (kontrolna skupina). Motorički testovi korišteni su za procjenu njihove mišićne izdržljivosti, eksplozivne snage, koordinacije i fleksibilnosti. Normalnost raspodjele provjerena je Kolmogorov-Smirnov testom (KS), dok je obrada podataka uključivala faktorsku analizu, koeficijent unutarklasne korelacije i t-test za nezavisne uzorke. Razina statističke značajnosti postavljena je na p<0,05. Dobiveni podaci potvrdili su homogenost, osjetljivost i faktorijalnu valjanost testova za obje promatrane grupe. Rezultati t-testa za neovisne uzorke jasno su pokazali razliku između aritmetičkih sredina skupina. Učenici iz eksperimentalne skupine imali su bolje rezultate na svim testovima od učenika kontrolne skupine. Rezultati upućuju na značajno različite rezultate motoričkih sposobnosti među srednjoškolcima koji pohađaju nastavu po prilagođenom ili standardnom programu. Ovo ukazuje na potrebu individualne interpretacije rezultata, a ne puke usporedbe s postavljenim standardima koji su temeljeni na rezultatima zdrave populacije. Također, treba razmotriti validaciju prilagođenih motoričkih testova za populaciju učenika uključenih u prilagođeni program nastave tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture.
Each sleep phase is characterized by specific chemical, cellular and anatomic events
of vital importance for normal neural functioning. Different forms of sleep deprivation may lead to a
decline of ...cognitive functions in individuals. Studies in this field make a distinction between total sleep
deprivation, chronic sleep restriction, and the situation of sleep disruption. Investigations covering the
acute effects of sleep deprivation on the brain show that the discovered behavioral deficits in most cases
regenerate after two nights of complete sleep. However, some studies done on mice emphasize the
possible chronic effects of long-term sleep deprivation or chronic restriction on the occurrence of neurodegenerative
diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. In order to better understand the acute
and chronic effects of sleep loss, the mechanisms of neural adaptation in the situations of insufficient
sleep need to be further investigated. Future integrative research on the impact of sleep deprivation on
neural functioning measured through the macro level of cognitive functions and the micro molecular and
cell level could contribute to more accurate conclusions about the basic cellular mechanisms responsible
for the detected behavioral deficits occurring due to sleep deprivation.
Karuc, J, Mišigoj-Duraković, M, Šarlija, M, Marković, G, Hadžić, V, Trošt-Bobić, T, and Sorić, M. Can injuries be predicted by functional movement screen in adolescents? The application of machine ...learning. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 910-919, 2021-This study used machine learning (ML) to predict injuries among adolescents by functional movement testing. This research is a part of the CRO-PALS study conducted in a representative sample of adolescents and analyses for this study are based on nonathletic (n = 364) and athletic (n = 192) subgroups of the cohort (16-17 years). Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), body fatness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), training hours per week, Functional Movement Screen (FMS), and socioeconomic status were assessed at baseline. A year later, data on injury occurrence were collected. The optimal cut-point of the total FMS score for predicting injury was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve. These predictors were included in ML analyses with calculated metrics: area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio (95% confidence interval CI). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses with associated criterium of total FMS score >12 showed AUC of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.48-0.59) and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.47-0.63), for the nonathletic and athletic youth, respectively. However, in the nonathletic subgroup, ML showed that the Naïve Bayes exhibited highest AUC (0.58), whereas in the athletic group, logistic regression was demonstrated as the model with the best predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.62). In both subgroups, with given predictors: sex, age, BMI, body fat percentage, MVPA, training hours per week, socioeconomic status, and total FMS score, ML can give a more accurate prediction then FMS alone. Results indicate that nonathletic boys who have lower-body fat could be more prone to suffer from injury incidence, whereas among athletic subjects, boys who spend more time training are at a higher risk of being injured. Conclusively, total FMS cut-off scores for each subgroup did not successfully discriminate those who suffered from those who did not suffer from injury, and, therefore, our research does not support FMS as an injury prediction tool.
This article brings review of the studies and their findings about neuroplasticity of the brain and Braille reading, as well as some connections between the two. The goal of the article is to combine ...knowledge from different disciplines, thus enabling development of new efficient programs in rehabilitation. A lot of research has shown the possibility of brain reorganization (plasticity), indicating the creation of new neuron connections in people with vision loss which relate to Braille reading, especially in late-onset vision loss. Key words: Neural plasticity; Brain; Visual cortex; Vision disorders; Blindness--rehabilitation
The interest in ethical and bioethical topics in society is always present. However, the question arises as to how are ethical and bioethical problems of broad spectrum presented to the public, ...starting from issues related to health, medicine, technology, genetics, to issues about economy and politics. If ethical-bioethical issues will be addressed in different fields of social life without systematic methodological preparation, we could easily be trapped in ethics and bioethics speeches, which would be presented in a way that suits somebody at a certain point. When talking about educational institutions like College or Polytechnic with medical and health-related study programs, it would certainly be useful to make an analysis about the ethical-bioethical topics and subjects they are offering to students. Recently, there is a high interest of high school graduates in enrolling to professional study programs like Physiotherapy and Nursing. Bioethics is an obligatory subject within the framework of those study programs. However, lecturers of different profiles are chair professors of Bioethics at the aforementioned institutions, starting from physicians, through philosophers, theologians, sociologists, and lawyers. Of course, that is possible because a scientist can deal with various scientific challenges through his career, but it would certainly be important to at least equate syllabi, as well as plans and programs of Bioethics in Physiotherapy and Nursing study program. It is important to note that in Physiotherapy programs, besides subjects from the field of biomedicine, a significant part of the program is based on the science of movement and especially therapeutic exercises, which point out the need to include the field of kinesiology into the Bioethics plan and program.
Venous system can be classified as pulmonary veins, systemic veins and venous sinuses that are present only within the skull. Cerebral venous system is divided into two main parts, the superficial ...and the deep system. The main assignment of veins is to carry away deoxygenated blood and other maleficient materials from the tissues towards the heart. Veins have thinner walls and larger lumina than arteries. Between 60% and 70% of the total blood volume is found in veins. The major factors that influence venous function are the respiratory cycle, venous tone, the function of the right heart, gravity, and the muscle pump. Venous system, in general, can be presented by selective venography, Doppler sonography, computed tomography (CT) venography and magnetic resonance (MR) venography, and cerebral venous system can be displayed by selective venography, cerebral CT venography, cerebral MR venography, and specialized extracranial and transcranial Doppler sonography. The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities of intracranial and extracranial ultrasound evaluation of the head and neck venous circulation and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency as one of the most common pathologies evaluated as part of neurodegenerative processes in the central nervous system.
The interest in ethical and bioethical topics in society is always present. However, the question arises as to how are ethical and bioethical problems of broad spectrum presented to the public, ...starting from issues related to health, medicine, technology, genetics, to issues about economy and politics. If ethicalbioethical issues will be addressed in different fields of social life without systematic methodological preparation, we could easily be trapped in ethics and bioethics speeches, which would be presented in a way that suits somebody at a certain point. When talking about educational institutions like College or Polytechnic with medical and health-related study programs, it would certainly be useful to make an analysis about the ethical-bioethical topics and subjects they are offering to students. Recently, there is a high interest of high school graduates in enrolling to professional study programs like Physiotherapy and Nursing. Bioethics is an obligatory subject within the framework of those study programs. However, lecturers of different profiles are chair professors of Bioethics at the aforementioned institutions, starting from physicians, through philosophers, theologians, sociologists, and lawyers. Of course, that is possible because a scientist can deal with various scientific challenges through his career, but it would certainly be important to at least equate syllabi, as well as plans and programs of Bioethics in Physiotherapy and Nursing study program. It is important to note that in Physiotherapy programs, besides subjects from the field of bio-medicine, a significant part of the program is based on the science of movement and especially therapeutic exercises, which point out the need to include the field of kinesiology into the Bioethics plan and program.
The main goal of the study was to determine the influence of the long-term rhythmic gymnastics training process on certain motor abilities and on the posture of elite Croatian rhythmic gymnasts. The ...sample was composed of 35 girls aged 12.89 (±2.32) years from Zagreb, Croatia. Fifteen of them were rhythmic gymnasts who have trained 8.93 hours per week on average, for at least 5 years. The control group consisted of 20 female pupils of the primary school “Borovje” who were not engaged in any regular sporting activity beside physical education classes. The measures consisted of 17 postural variables and 8 tests assessing motor abilities. The t-test for independent samples showed marked statistical differences in arithmetic means between the two groups for all the motor variables. Mann-Whitney U test showed no differences between the two groups in all the posture variables, but one. The two groups differed significantly only in the variable kyphosis, showing that poor kyphotic posture was more frequent in non-trainees (p=.03). The variables Lorenz’s triangle and frontal shoulder position almost reached statistical significance (p=.06 and p=.07, respectively). Although the mentioned results failed to fall within the range of statistical significance, they are of substantial clinical importance, showing the tendency to a greater frequency of poor scoliotic posture in rhythmic gymnasts. The obtained results pointed out the positive side of sport: a good level of motor abilities and a minor incidence of poor kyphotic posture. Clinically, the results also indicate some sport-specific postural problems that may occur due to asymmetric overload. However, since statistical significance was not reached, there is a need to investigate further the influence of persistent asymmetric overloading of the spine on rhythmic gymnasts` posture.
Venska cirkulacija obuhvaća plućne vene, sistemske vene i venske sinuse prisutne isključivo u lubanji. Cerebralni venski sustav dijeli se u dva glavna dijela, površinski i dubinski cerebralni venski ...sustav. Glavna zadaća venske cirkulacije je uklanjanje deoksigenirane krvi i štetnih tvari iz tkiva te njihovo odvođenje prema srcu. Vene u usporedbi s arterijama imaju tanju stijenku i veći lumen. U svakom trenu oko 60%-70% ukupnog krvnog volumena u tijelu nalazi se u venama. Glavni čimbenici koji utječu na funkciju venskog sustava su respiracijski ciklus, tonus vena, funkcija desne strane srca, gravitacija te funkcija mišićne pumpe. Venska cirkulacija se, općenito, može prikazati invazivnom metodom selektivne venografije i neinvazivnim metodama dopler sonografije, CT venografijom i MR venografijom. Cerebralni venski sustav prikazuje se selektivnom venografijom, moždanom CT venografijom, moždanom MR venografijom i specijaliziranom intrakranijskom i ekstrakranijskom dopler sonografijom. Cilj ovoga rada je opisati mogućnosti prikazivanja venske cirkulacije glave i vrata pomoću metoda ultrazvučnog prikaza, naročito kronične venske insuficijencije kao jednog od najčešćih patofizioloških entiteta koji se povezuju s nastankom neurodegenerativnih bolesti.
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