The structure of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLC-γ1) contains two SH2 domains and one SH3 domain. While the function of the SH2 domains in PLC-γ1 are well described, to date no growth factor-dependent ...function for the SH3 domain has been presented. To assess SH3 domain function in the context of the full-length PLC-γ1, this domain was deleted and the mutant was stably expressed in
Plcg1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Following EGF treatment of cells, the PLC-γ1ΔSH3 mutant displayed the same increased level of tyrosine phosphorylation and association with EGF receptor as wild-type PLC-γ1. Also, the SH3 mutant demonstrated membrane translocation and mediated the mobilization of intracellular Ca
2+ in response to EGF. c-Cbl is shown to associate with tyrosine phosphorylated PLC-γ1 in an EGF-dependent manner, but no association was detected with the PLC-γ1ΔSH3 mutant. Interestingly, PDGF, which also tyrosine phosphorylates PLC-γ1, failed to induce c-Cbl association with PLC-γ1 and also provoked no c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggests that c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary for its interaction with PLC-γ1. Evidence of a direct association of c-Cbl with PLC-γ1 was provided by pull-down and overlay experiments, using glutathione
S-transferase fusion proteins that contain the SH3 domain of PLC-γ1. The data, therefore, show an EGF-inducible direct association of PLC-γ1 with c-Cbl
in vivo that is mediated by the SH3 domain of PLC-γ1.
Bmx, corrected also known as Etk, is a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Bmx is expressed mainly in arterial endothelia and in myeloid hematopoietic cells. Bmx regulates ...ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, but its role in tumor angiogenesis is not known. In this study, we characterized the function of Bmx in tumor growth using both Bmx knockout and transgenic mice. Isogenic colon, lung, and melanoma tumor xenotransplants showed reductions in growth and tumor angiogenesis in Bmx gene-deleted ((-/-)) mice, whereas developmental angiogenesis was not affected. In addition, growth of transgenic pancreatic islet carcinomas and intestinal adenomas was also slower in Bmx(-/-) mice. Knockout mice showed high levels of Bmx expression in endothelial cells of tumor-associated and peritumoral arteries. Moreover, endothelial cells lacking Bmx showed impaired phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) upon VEGF stimulation, indicating that Bmx contributes to the transduction of vascular endothelial growth factor signals. In transgenic mice overexpressing Bmx in epidermal keratinocytes, tumors induced by a two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis treatment showed increased growth and angiogenesis. Our findings therefore indicate that Bmx activity contributes to tumor angiogenesis and growth.
Drugs that target EGFR have established anti-tumor effect and are used in the clinic. Here we addressed whether inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity by gefitinib in tumor microenvironment ...affected tumor angiogenesis or vasculogenesis. A syngeneic tumor model of mice with grafted GFP-labeled bone marrow cells was used to analyze the effects of gefitinib on different cellular components of tumor vasculature. To characterize tumor cell-independent stromal effects of EGFR targeting, the mice were injected with B16 melanoma cells not expressing significant quantities of EGFR, and treated with gefitinib for seven days, a period not sufficient for significant reduction in total tumor volume. Numbers of vessels as well as cell surface areas covered by markers of endothelial, pericyte and bone marrow-derived progenitor cells were quantified by image analysis of tumor sections. Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical data demonstrated that gefitinib decreased the coverage of small CD31-positive vessels with NG2-positive pericytes, as well as reduced the recruitment of perivascular GFP-positive bone marrow-derived progenitor cells within the tumor tissue. These results suggest that inhibition of EGFR activity in tumors has vascular effects in the absence of direct effect on tumor cells. EGFR targeting may lead to suppressed mobilization of pericytes needed for vessel stabilization, as well as of bone marrow-derived perivascular progenitor cells. These findings introduce novel cellular mechanisms by which EGFR targeted drugs may suppress tumor growth.
The structure of phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLC-gamma1) contains two SH2 domains and one SH3 domain. While the function of the SH2 domains in PLC-gamma1 are well described, to date no growth ...factor-dependent function for the SH3 domain has been presented. To assess SH3 domain function in the context of the full-length PLC-gamma1, this domain was deleted and the mutant was stably expressed in Plcg1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Following EGF treatment of cells, the PLC-gamma1DeltaSH3 mutant displayed the same increased level of tyrosine phosphorylation and association with EGF receptor as wild-type PLC-gamma1. Also, the SH3 mutant demonstrated membrane translocation and mediated the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) in response to EGF. c-Cbl is shown to associate with tyrosine phosphorylated PLC-gamma1 in an EGF-dependent manner, but no association was detected with the PLC-gamma1DeltaSH3 mutant. Interestingly, PDGF, which also tyrosine phosphorylates PLC-gamma1, failed to induce c-Cbl association with PLC-gamma1 and also provoked no c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggests that c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary for its interaction with PLC-gamma1. Evidence of a direct association of c-Cbl with PLC-gamma1 was provided by pull-down and overlay experiments, using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins that contain the SH3 domain of PLC-gamma1. The data, therefore, show an EGF-inducible direct association of PLC-gamma1 with c-Cbl in vivo that is mediated by the SH3 domain of PLC-gamma1.
Although integrin engagement initiates signaling events such as focal-adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinase activation, the role of phosphoinositide turnover in cell adhesion is less clear. To assess ...PLC-gamma1 function in this process, Plcg1(-/-) fibroblasts (Null) were compared with the same fibroblasts in which PLC-gamma1 was re-expressed (Null+). Following plating on fibronectin, Null cells displayed a significantly impaired rate of adhesion compared with Null+ cells. This defect was detected at low concentrations of fibronectin; at high fibronectin concentrations, the Null and Null+ cells displayed equivalent adhesion characteristics. The differences were not due to PLC-gamma1-dependent changes in integrin subunit expression, nor was integrin receptor clustering impaired with the absence of PLC-gamma1. Experiments with site-specific antibodies and PLC-gamma1 mutants showed that fibronectin selectively increased phosphorylation of Tyr783 and that mutagenesis of this residue, but not Tyr771 or Tyr1253, abrogated fibronectin-dependent adhesion. The SH2 domains of PLC-gamma1 were also required for maximal adhesion on fibronectin. Adhesion to fibronectin induced PLC-gamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation that was inhibited by a Src-kinase inhibitor, but not an epidermal-growth-factor-receptor kinase inhibitor. Moreover, in cells null for Src family members, but not in cells null for FAK family members, integrin-dependent PLC-gamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation was greatly reduced. Finally, the data demonstrated that PLC-gamma1 co-immunoprecipitated with Src following fibronectin-induced integrin activation, and this association did not depend on FAK expression.
Although integrin engagement initiates signaling events such as focal-adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinase activation, the role of phosphoinositide turnover in cell adhesion is less clear. To assess ...PLC-gamma1 function in this process, Plcg1superscript -/- fibroblasts (Null) were compared with the same fibroblasts in which PLC-gamma1 was re-expressed (Null+). Following plating on fibronectin, Null cells displayed a significantly impaired rate of adhesion compared with Null+ cells. This defect was detected at low concentrations of fibronectin; at high fibronectin concentrations, the Null and Null+ cells displayed equivalent adhesion characteristics. The differences were not due to PLC-gamma1-dependent changes in integrin subunit expression, nor was integrin receptor clustering impaired with the absence of PLC-gamma1. Experiments with site-specific antibodies and PLC-gamma1 mutants showed that fibronectin selectively increased phosphorylation of Tyr783 and that mutagenesis of this residue, but not Tyr771 or Tyr1253, abrogated fibronectin-dependent adhesion. The SH2 domains of PLC-gamma1 were also required for maximal adhesion on fibronectin. Adhesion to fibronectin induced PLC-gamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation that was inhibited by a Src-kinase inhibitor, but not an epidermal-growth-factor-receptor kinase inhibitor. Moreover, in cells null for Src family members, but not in cells null for FAK family members, integrin-dependent PLC-gamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation was greatly reduced. Finally, the data demonstrated that PLC-gamma1 co-immunoprecipitated with Src following fibronectin-induced integrin activation, and this association did not depend on FAK expression.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Tvorogov, Denis; Carpenter, Graham
Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry,
2004, 20040000, Letnik:
2
Book Chapter, Reference
PDF
