Visual examination of visually recognisable substances, including microscopy, focus on targets or contaminants such as particles of animal origin, plant seeds, spore bodies of moulds, sclerotia, ...packaging material, microplastic and 'Besatz' (everything that differs from the norm). The two principal results are counts (numbers) and weights for macroscopic methods, or presence/absence for microscopic methods. The level of detection equals at least the size of one unit, usually with a weight exceeding 1 mg, which is in the range of parts per million (ppm). These parameters do not follow a normal distribution but Poisson (counts), lognormal (weights) or binomial (Booleans) distributions, with effect on the interpretation of validation parameters. As for other domains, examination methods for visual monitoring need to be properly validated and quality control during actual application is needed. In most cases procedures for validation of visual methods are based on principles adopted from other domains, such as chemical analysis. A series of examples from publications show inconsistent or not correct implementations of these validation procedures, which stress the need for dedicated validation procedures. Identification of legal ingredients and composition analysis in the domain of visual examination relies on the expertise of the laboratory staff, therefore validation of a method usually includes the validation of the expert. In the view of these specific circumstances, a Guidance for quality assurance and control of visual methods has been developed, which are being presented and discussed in this paper. The general framework of the Guidance is adopted from ISO standards (17023, 17043, 13528). Part 1 of the Guidance includes the general background, theory and principles. Part 2 presents the actual validation procedures with experimental designs and equations for calculating the relevant parameters, and can be used as blueprint for a SOP in a quality management system. An EURL and NRL network for physical hazards is strongly recommended.
Gravimetric quantitative validation of botanic impurities in feed Marchis, Daniela; Amato, Giuseppina; Giovannini, Tiziana ...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture,
February 2021, 2021-Feb, 2021-02-00, 20210201, Letnik:
101, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Vdihavanje peloda vrst iz rodu Ambrosia lahko povzroči preobčutljivostne reakcije. Krma za prostoživeče ptice je eden od dejavnikov, ki pripomorejo k širjenju omenjenih rastlin. Leta 2010 so zato k ...Direktivi o nezaželenih snoveh v živalski krmi (2002/32/ES) dodali aneks, da lahko krma za živali, ki vsebuje nezmleta žita, vsebuje do 50 mg semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v kilogramu krme (UL L 290/54). Podatkov o vsebnosti semen te rastline v krmi je zelo malo, zato smo z mikroskopsko metodo preiskali 40 vzorcev krme za prostoživeče ptice. Semena ambrozije je vsebovalo 20 vzorcev oziroma 50 %. Ugotovljeno število semen v kilogramu posameznega vzorca je bilo od 2 do 146 (10 mg do 774 mg). V skladu s predpisi smo vsebnosti preračunali relativno na vzorec z 12 % vlage in ugotovili, da je dovoljeno mejo presegalo 5 vzorcev (12,5 %).
In a controlled field experiment (54±1 days), 20 primiparous sows (day 89±2 of gestation) were randomly divided into two equal groups. The sows were fed diets naturally containing 0.3 mg/kg of the ...mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) for the control group and 5.1 mg/kgDON, 0.1 mg/kg zearalenone and 21.6 mg/kg fusaric acid for the experimental group. The sows from the experimental group consumed significantly less feed during gestation (P=0.002), during lactation (P=0.027) and in the weaning to oestrus interval (P<0.001) than control sows. Blood samples were taken four times during the experiment (day 0, 17, 42 and 52). There were no differences in total and differential blood leukocyte count, with the exception of neutrophils on day 52, which reached 42.22±9.02% in the experimental group and 32.10±10.65% in the control group (P=0.040). Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood T lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4 and CD8 revealed the percent of both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells. We calculated the absolute number of CD3+CD4+ andCD3+CD8+ cells (109/L), which showed a decreasing trend in the experimental group, with 2.40±0.63 and 3.83±1.15, respectively, at the beginning and 1.78±0.39 and 2.74±0.89, respectively, at the end of experiment. In the control group, these values were 2.19±0.70 and 3.41±0.87 and finally 2.12±0.69 and 3.11±1.12 x 109/L, respectively. The obtained results suggest that feed naturally contaminated with Fusarium toxins reduces the feed intake, influences the neutrophil count, and has immunomodulatory effect on T lymphocyte numbers.Key words: leukocytes; T lymphocytes; mycotoxins; deoxynivalenol; flow cytometry; sowUČINEK KRME, NARAVNO KONTAMINIRANE S TOKSINI PLESNI Fusarium sp., NA IZBRANE HEMATOLOŠKE PARAMETRE IN LIMFOCITNE PODVRSTE PRVIČ BREJIH SVINJPovzetek: V nadzorovanem poskusu, ki je na veliki farmi prašičev trajal 54±1 dan, smo 20 mladic (breje 89±2 dni) naključno razdelili v dve enaki skupini. Živali so zauživale krmo, ki je bila v kontrolni skupini naravno kontaminirana z mikotoksinom deoksinivalenolom v koncentraciji 0,3 mg/kg krme. Krma za poskusno skupino je vsebovala 5,1 mg/kg deoksinivalenola, 0,1 mg/kg zearalenona in 21,6 mg/kg fuzarne kisline. Mladice iz poskusne skupine so v obdobju brejosti (P = 0,002), laktacije (P = 0,027) in v času od odstavitve pujskov do ponovne osemenitve (P < 0.001) zaužile statistično značilno manjšo količino krme kot živali iz kontrolne skupine. Med poskusom smo mladicam štirikrat odvzeli kri (dan 0, 17, 42 in 52). V skupnem številu levkocitov in diferencialni krvni sliki med skupinama ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik, razen v številu nevtrofilcev 52. dan poskusa, ko je bila vrednost v poskusni skupini 42.22±9.02 % in v kontrolni skupini 32.10±10.65 % (P = 0.040). S pretočno citometrijo smo določili delež limfocitov T in njihovih podvrst, celic T pomagalk (CD3+ CD4+ ) in citotoksičnih celic T (CD3+ CD8+ ), ki smo jih označili z monoklonskimi protitelesi. Iz dobljenih podatkov smo izračunali absolutno število CD3+ CD4+ in CD3+ CD8+ (109 /L), ki se je v poskusni skupini zmanjševalo od 2.40±0.63 in 3.83±1.15 na začetku poskusa do 1.78±0.39 in 2.74±0.89 na koncu poskusa. Vrednosti v kontrolni skupini so bile na začetku poskusa 2.19±0.70 in 3.41±0.87 ter na koncu 2.12±0.69 in 3.11±1.12 x 109 /L. Rezultati kažejo, da zauživanje krme, naravno kontaminirane s toksini plesni vrste Fusarium, vpliva na ješčnost živali, število nevtrofilcev in ima imunomodulatorni učinek na število limfocitov T.Ključne besede: levkociti; limfociti T; mikotoksini; deoksinivalenol; pretočna citometrija; prašiči
Microbiological Quality of Feed Zadravec, Manuela; Mikuš, Tomislav; Pradervand, Nicolas ...
The open agriculture journal,
04/2023, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Background:
In most countries, the microbiological quality of complete feed mixtures, grains, silages and hay is sadly a much-underrated aspect of official feed control. Monitoring the ...microbiological quality of feeds downgrades any of the poor quality feeds and stimulates feed mills to produce better quality feeds, therefore, enforcing the prominence of high-quality feeds on the market.
Objectives:
To
c
ollect the results of the microbiological feed quality, done over a period of one year, all of which originate from Croatia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Furthermore, identify the presence of feedingstuffs with poor microbiological quality in some parts of the European market and therefore have the most impact on animal health and welfare.
Methods:
Feed quality was assessed through a single Verband deutscher landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs - und Forschungsanstalten
(
VDLUFA) method based on a systematic approach, which categorizes feed into categories from 1 to 4 according to bacteria, moulds, and yeasts content, and their ecology and hazard significance.
Results:
Although the most analyzed samples of feed belong to the most desirable quality level 1, it should be emphasized that almost all feed types can be found samples of quality level 4, unacceptable for feed.
Conclusion:
The obtained results give an overview of the advantages of monitoring the microbiological quality of feeds for governmental authorities, producers, and consumers alike and potentially provide more information concerning the new aspects of the risk assessment of certain types of feeds or their raw materials.
Ragweed (Ambrosia sp.) seeds in bird feed Frick, Geneviève; Boschung, Heinrich; Schulz-Schroeder, Gudrun ...
Biotechnologie, agronomie, société et environnement,
01/2011, Letnik:
15, Številka:
s1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Five years of monitoring and control for ragweed seeds in bird feed done by members of the IAG working group (International Association for Feedingstuff Analysis, Section Feedingstuff Microscopy). In ...2005, the Swiss official feed inspection of Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station (ALP) was mandated to check bird feed and raw materials for the presence of Ambrosia sp. seeds. Indeed, such seeds were found in varying amounts when analyzed in the feed microscopy laboratory. The producers were informed, and a limit of intervention (50 mg.kg^sup -1^ asymptotically = 9 to 10 seeds.kg^sup -1^) was finally set for this undesirable component. The results of five years of controls show, at first, around 50% of contaminated samples. With appropriate measures, the level of contamination could be lowered in the following years. In parallel, the size of Ambrosia sp. seeds and the sieves to be used for routine analyses were checked. Ambrosia sp. seeds found in feed checked in Switzerland were seldom larger ("wider") than 3.5 mm and never smaller than 1.5 mm. Several EU Member States started their own control and monitoring programs. The results of studies from Germany, Slovenia and Denmark, presented by their feed microscopists at the IAG meetings, indicate the presence of Ambrosia sp. seeds in 21 to 75% of the products put on the market. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Inhalation of pollen belonging to the species of Ambrosia may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Feed for wild birds is one of the factors that contribute to the spread of these plants. For this ...reason an amendment to the Directive on undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC) was added, in 2010 stating that animal feed made of unground cereals can contain up to 50 mg of Ambrosia spp. seeds per kilogram (UL L 290/54). Due to the lack of data, 40 samples of feed for wild birds were examined with a microscopic method. Ambrosia spp. seeds were found in 20 samples (50%). The number of seeds was from 2 to 146 (10 mg to 774 mg). In accordance with the legislation, results were expressed relative to a feed with the moisture content of 12%. Five samples (12.5%) exceeded the permitted value.
Število rejcev oslov v Sloveniji in ostalem razvitem svetu v zadnjih letih narašča. Osli so bili v preteklosti pomembne gospodarske živali, ki so jih za delo uporabljali predvsem na območjih z malo ...krme. Ker so manj zahtevni in bolj vzdržljivi, so pogosto nadomeščali konje, danes pa so predvsem ljubiteljske živali in jih v razvitem svetu za delo večinoma ne uporabljajo. Osli in konji imajo skupne značilnosti, vendar pa so med njimi tudi pomembne razlike, ki jih ne smemo spregledati. Ena od pomembnejših razlik je način prehranjevanja in sestava obroka. Osli so se razvojno prilagodili suhim območjem podsaharske Afrike in lahko preživijo ob skromni krmi, ki ima malo energije, vsebuje malo beljakovin in veliko vlaknine. Prav zato jih moramo v našem okolju krmiti pazljivo, da ne postanejo predebeli in obolijo za številnimi, z debelostjo povezanimi boleznimi. Premalo gibanja, energijsko prebogata krma in pomanjkanje normativov v zvezi s prehrano, ki so večinoma povzeti iz normativov prirejenih za konje, so poglavitni vzroki pogostega pojavljanja debelosti pri oslih. V preglednem članku bomo predstavili značilnosti prehrane, prebave in presnove oslov, njihove potrebe po energiji in hranilnih snoveh v primerjavi s konji ter osnovne prehranske bolezni, ki se pojavijo zaradi preobilnega krmljenja: hiperlipidemija, laminitis in metabolni sindrom kopitarjev.
This study was aimed at investigating the contamination of grains, which are grown and used for animal diets by Slovene farmers. A total of 107 samples were examined for mesofilic aerobic molds and ...yeasts. The leading contaminants among molds were from Fusarium spp., detected in 73 samples, mostly in maize (50). In accordance with the European Feed Microbiology Organisation criteria, 68% of all tested samples were of the quality level I, with normal microbiological flora, and 9% of samples were estimated as quality level IV and not suitable for animal feed. Using liquid and gas chromatography methods, the presence of various mycotoxins (expressed as 12% of moisture content) was found in 77% of all samples; mostly deoxynivalenol (71%) in concentration of 150-14,420 µg kg
−1
, followed by zearalenone (32%, 20-640 µg kg
−1
), fumonisin B1 (31%, 10-4863 µg kg
−1
), fumonisin B2 (22%, 10-1629 µg kg
−1
), while HT-2 and T-2 toxins were found in low concentration in two samples, and aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in one sample. By statistical evaluation, significant positive correlations were noted between the presence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone as well as between fumonisin B1 and B2.
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