•There exists a necessity to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between pulp calcification (PC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) since there is a lack of ...consensus in literature regarding their association.•Based on the current literature, the certainty of evidence is low to prove the association between PC and CVD.•Further longitudinal studies with a larger sample size need to be performed; and the criteria for the selection of CVD patient needs to be uniform and standardized.
This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between pulp calcifications (PC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and ProQuest) were searched to identify articles. Quality assessment of the selected articles was done using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool and the inter-examiner agreement was calculated using the Cohen-Kappa test. The random-effects maximum likelihood model was used to evaluate the association between the conditions. Trim-and-fill funnel plot was used to evaluate the presence of publication bias. The level of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool.
A total of 2487 articles were identified from the initial search. Ten articles were included in this review of which 7 were cross-sectional and 3 were case-control studies. Eight articles had a low risk of bias (RoB), one article each had a moderate and high RoB. Inter-examiner reliability score was 0.8592. Seven articles reported a statistically significant positive association between CVD patients and PC. Two articles reported a non-significant positive association and one article reported no association between the same. A significant difference was observed in favor of CVD patients to possess more PC in comparison to non-CVD patients with an OR of 4.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.19, 8.46; p = .000). Asymmetry in the Trim-and-fill funnel Plot suggested the presence of publication bias. GRADE analysis demonstrated low certainty of the evidence for the overall sample.
There exists a low level of evidence to show that CVD patients are more prone to have PC in comparison to non-CVD patients.
