Kulminacja w 2 ćw. VI w., trwającego od końca III w. pogarszania się warunków środowiskowych trochę przypadkowo wypromowała „słowiański” model życia. Słowianie nie wyłonili się z jakiejś jednej ...kolebki, lecz zostali „wyprodukowani” przez niezwykły zbieg przypadków historycznych, które wymusiły na dużych obszarach podobne uproszczenie systemu społeczno- gospodarczego, oparte na już posiadanej wiedzy. Zewnętrzni obserwatorzy nadali żyjącym tak ludziom zbiorcze nazwy „Słowian” na wschodzie i „Wenedów” na zachodzie. Rolę inicjującą odegrał w tym procesie globalny kryzys klimatyczny wzmocniony pandemią dżumy; ich nazwę zbiorczą wypromowała dyplomacja bizantyńska; czynnikiem proliferującym zasięg języków słowiańskich była imperialna polityka Awarów. Sami Słowianie zaakceptowali swoją pansłowiańską jedność dopiero w XIX w.
People on the Move: How Fast? Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw
Norwegian archaeological review,
11/2012, Letnik:
45, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A comment on the article The Peopling of Iceland is presented. It has been a good time for archaeology to seriously enter the discussion on the peopling of Iceland. The topic long dominated by ...historians, demographers and biologists (blood groups and a DNA studies) needs a new impact stemming from new information. Archaeologists have no problem with collecting new data but, rather, some difficulty with interpretations.
Nie ma źródeł historycznych ani świadectw archeologicznych czy numizmatycznych lub przedstawień artystycznych, które potwierdzałyby tradycyjną wizję szerokiej i skutecznej chrystianizacji całego ...kraju wkrótce po konwersji Mieszka I. Zatem, podobnie do współczesnego państewka zachodniosłowiańskich Obodrytów i do jedenastowiecznej Szwecji, chrześcijańska dynastia Piastów rządziła państwem zamieszkanym w przeważającej części przez pogan. Wydaje się, że pewne odzwierciedlenie konfrontacji ideologicznej jest dostrzegalne w symbolice artystycznej, w której można wskazać przykłady swoistego synkretyzmu, kiedy stare i nowe elementy konkurowały ze sobą i wchodziły w specyficzny dialog. Wykorzystywane w tym symbole nabierały nowych znaczeń czy choćby dwuznaczności. Znaleziska z ziem polskich mogą stanowić dobry przyczynek do takich rozważań.
What we know about the pre-Christian beliefs of the early medieval inhabitants of the Oder and Vistula river basins. Artykuł jest poświęcony krytycznemu podsumowaniu wiedzy na temat ...przedchrześcijańskiej religii Słowian postrzeganej przez pryzmat dostępnych źródeł.
Christianization of the Early Piast state was a difficult and long process which gained momentum during the reign of Boleslav Chrobry. Archaeological evidence for this process includes syncretic ...behavior typical of periods of an enforced religious change.
The traditional idea that the conversion of Mieszko I in 966 marked the conversion to Christianity of all of what we may consider to be Poland and its establishment as a nation is questioned in this ...paper. An examination of the archaeological record providess evidence of Christianity in the area before 966, which suggests that the date of 966 was selected to give some definitive support for the idea of Poland becoming civilised. It also does not provide much evidence of a massive programme of Christianisation under Mieszko I or his son and successor, Boleslaw the Brave. Full Christianisation had to wait until the thirteenth century.
•The old-growth Białowieża Forest (Postołowo field system) was used agriculturally.•Two episodes of cereal cultivation were identified: ca 2nd and ca 10th c. AD.•Land use led to slight enrichment of ...soil in charcoal and colluviation.•Human activity caused spatial soil differentiation into Arenosols and Umbrisols.•Ancient agriculture in the Białowieża Forest was episodic and micro-regional.
The Białowieża Forest is one of the few relics of temperate, old-growth woodlands in Europe considered “natural”. Recent research revealed there the presence of numerous anthropogenic landforms associated with prehistoric, medieval and modern-era human activities. They include systems of rectangular plots separated by embankments – linear forms up to several dozen centimetres high, well distinctive in airborne laser scanning visualizations but relatively poorly visible in the landscape. The field system at the archaeological site of Postołowo, located on a gentle slope currently entirely covered by a mixed forest (Carpinion betuli dominant), was selected for detailed study. The soils of the former arable fields and field boundary embankments were investigated using a multi-proxy approach, including analyses of soil micromorphology, soil physical and chemical properties, as well as sedimentological, archaeological, plant macro-remains and phytolith studies and radiocarbon dating. The objectives were to assess the impact of suspected past agriculture on soils and land relief and to establish a chronology of land use. Evidence of ancient vegetation clearance by burning was confirmed and two distinct episodes of cereal cultivation (including rye), without intensive manuring were dated in the Roman Period (ca 2nd century AD) and in the Early Middle Ages (ca 10th century AD). In the latter case, agriculture triggered soil erosion that led to accumulation of slope deposits; at least some of the field banks accumulated and/or were constructed during this period. Altogether, past agriculture resulted in spatial differentiation of soil morphology: with Brunic Arenosols in the upper parts of the slope and Brunic Umbrisols downslope. It is hypothesized that ancient cultivation in the Białowieża Forest evidenced by the remains of field systems, was limited to relatively short chronological periods and was restricted to certain land patches (microregions) surrounded by unused, forested terrain.
Abstract The article presents the results of research carried out at Sacharewo in the Białowieża Forest, involving excavations of a barrow cemetery associated with the Roman Period and the nearby ...settlement, which delivered finds from the Early Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Roman Period and the Modern Period. Noteworthy was a significant amount of material from the Iron Age and the Roman Period, linked with the Hatched Pottery and Wielbark cultures, possibly indicating a certain revival of settlement in that area between the turn of the eras and the 5th/6th century AD. Thanks to the analysis of airborne laser scanning data, it was also possible to identify a complex of ancient arable fields in the surroundings of the barrow cemetery. The excavations were conducted along with sampling for geoarchaeological and archaeobotanical analyses. A significant pool of 14 C dates was also collected. The studies idientified the remains of a stable and continuous (though not very developed and intensive) settlement on the left side of the Leśna River, a barrow cemetery and a field system, possibly used at the same time. This microregion functioned in the first centuries AD, although materials linked to the early Middle Ages were also found. At this stage, however, it is not possible to determine their continuity with finds from the Roman Period. The discoveries also provide an insight into the external cultural influences on the area during the Roman Period. The conducted research complements other recent findings from the Białowieża Forest, which, given its primeval nature and the limited role of human activity during past centuries, is an excellent area for further investigations of settlement and economy patterns from different periods.
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