This article describes waffle power MOSFET segmentation and defines its analytic models. Although waffle gate pattern is well-known architecture for effective channel scaling without requirements on ...process modification, no until today precise model considering segmentation of MOSFETs with waffle gate patterns, due to bulk connections, has been there proposed. Two different MOSFET topologies with gate waffle patterns have been investigated and compared with the same on-resistance of a standard MOSFET with finger gate pattern. The first one with diagonal metal interconnections allows reaching more than 40 % area reduction. The second MOSFET with the more simple orthogonal metal interconnections allows saving more than 20 % area. Moreover, new models defining conditions where segmented power MOSFETs with waffle gate patterns occupy less area than the standard MOSFET with finger gate pattern, have been introduced.
We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5 × 1018 eV based on 215 030 events. New results are presented: at about 1.3 × 1019 eV , the spectral index changes from 2.51 ± ...0.03 (stat) ± 0.05 (syst) to 3.05 ± 0.05 (stat) ± 0.10 (syst), evolving to 5.1 ± 0.3 (stat) ± 0.1 (syst) beyond 5 × 1019 eV, while no significant dependence of spectral features on the declination is seen in the accessible range. These features of the spectrum can be reproduced in models with energy-dependent mass composition. The energy density in cosmic rays above 5 × 1018 eV is 5.66 ± 0.03 (stat) ± 1.40 (syst) × 1053 erg Mpc−3.
We present a novel approach to the determination of the pointing of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) using the trajectories of the stars in their camera’s field of view. The method ...starts with the reconstruction of the star positions from the Cherenkov camera data, taking into account the point spread function of the telescope, to achieve a satisfying reconstruction accuracy of the pointing position. A simultaneous fit of all reconstructed star trajectories is then performed with the orthogonal distance regression (ODR) method. ODR allows us to correctly include the star position uncertainties and use the time as an independent variable. Having the time as an independent variable in the fit makes it better suitable for various star trajectories. This method can be applied to any IACT and requires neither specific hardware nor interface or special data-taking mode. In this paper, we use the Large-Sized Telescope (LST) data to validate it as a useful tool to improve the determination of the pointing direction during regular data taking. The simulation studies show that the accuracy and precision of the method are comparable with the design requirements on the pointing accuracy of the LST (≤14″). With the typical LST event acquisition rate of 10 kHz, the method can achieve up to 50 Hz pointing monitoring rate, compared to (1) Hz achievable with standard techniques. The application of the method to the LST prototype (LST-1) commissioning data shows the stable pointing performance of the telescope.
Abstract
Ultra-high-energy photons with energies exceeding 10
17
eV offer a wealth of connections to different aspects of cosmic-ray astrophysics as well as to gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. The ...recent observations of photons with energies in the 10
15
eV range further motivate searches for even higher-energy photons. In this paper, we present a search for photons with energies exceeding 2 × 10
17
eV using about 5.5 yr of hybrid data from the low-energy extensions of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The upper limits on the integral photon flux derived here are the most stringent ones to date in the energy region between 10
17
and 10
18
eV.
Abstract We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the ...spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called second-knee feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays.
Abstract
We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the ...spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called
second-knee
feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays.
The article is devoted to the results of the theoretical and experimental investigations on the development of the optimal formulation of the pharmaceutical composition based on Kathiazin and ...Succinic acid in the solid gelatinous capsules. The glutaminic acid has been introduced into the pharmaceutical composition to improve the bioavailability of the succinic acid. The content of active pharmaceutical substances has been determined. The single dose of Kathiazin is 120 mg, succinic and glutaminic acids — 100 mg. The kind of auxiliary substances used in modern pharmaceutical technology of the solid dosage forms has been grounded according to the literature data. The pharmacotechnological testing of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and auxiliary substances used in our research work has been carried out. The pharmaco-technological properties of the substances investigated according to the articles of State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (2 edition) have been estimated. The assessment of obtained data allowed to elaborate the composition of the experimental capsules masses. The flowability, bulk density, angle of repose, compressibility index and Hausner ratio of the mixtures created have been investigated due to requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. On the base of scientific researching the most perspective pharmaceutical composition with excellent values of the flowability, angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index and Hausner ratio has been chosen. This composition contains mannitol as the basic excipients for capsules mass. The silicon dioxide colloidal (Aerosil®) is considered to be glidant substance which provides excellent flowability. As the result of the pharmaco-technological researches the qualitative and quantitative composition of the combined capsules based on Kathiazin and succinic acid has been developed. The testing of the pharmaco-technological parameters has proved the composition obtained is suitable to be encapsulated using different types of laboratory and industrial equipment. The elaborated combined dosage form based on Kathiazin and succinic acid may be proposed as a new original medicine with pleiotropic activity for treatment hepatitis of different origin in men with spermatogenesis disturbances.
Nowadays, the need for extended uniform light sources increases in many different areas of optics. Integrating spheres show one of the best properties among them. The paper is focused on verification ...of the practical use of so-called general purpose integrating spheres for the purpose of the calibration of highly sensitive detectors in the near-UV spectrum. To achieve this, the summarization of the theory of the integrating spheres is given, the methodology of the measurement is described and a universal experimental setup is designed. The setup is able to measure the real spatial and angular radiance uniformity of the exit port of selected representative of integrating spheres. The results of radiance uniformity measurements are graphically presented and discussed.
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