Une dynamique européenne de la wilderness Miko, Ladislav; Aykroyd, Toby; Vallauri, Daniel ...
Revue forestière française,
03/2022, Letnik:
73, Številka:
2-3
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
En 2009, l’adoption par le Parlement européen, à la quasi-unanimité, d’une résolution demandant une politique communautaire de la « wilderness », et les débats afférents menés sous les présidences ...tchèque et belge ont révélé au grand jour une nouvelle sensibilité découlant de l’élargissement à l’Est de l’Union européenne. Mais ceci a été rendu possible par un grand nombre d’initiatives convergentes prises depuis la fin des années 1990 par des associations à visée européenne, travaillant de manière plus ou moins articulée avec la Commission européenne. C’est un long processus, de plus en plus actif et structuré, qui a conduit à ce que la stratégie européenne pour la biodiversité, adoptée en 2020, promeut la protection stricte de toutes les forêts relictuelles qualifiées de « old growth and primary forests » en anglais. La France n’a pas été active au niveau européen sur ce sujet, mais il est néanmoins possible d’y voir lentement monter l’intérêt pour ce sujet depuis les années 1990, mais avec une sensibilité propre.
Forest restoration at large scales, or landscapes, is an approach that is increasingly relevant to the practice of environmental conservation. However, implementation remains a challenge; poor ...monitoring and lesson learning lead to similar mistakes being repeated. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the global conservation organization, recently took stock of its 10 years of implementation of forest landscape restoration. A significant body of knowledge has emerged from the work of the WWF and its partners in the different countries, which can be of use to the wider conservation community, but for this to happen, lessons need to be systematically collected and disseminated in a coherent manner to the broader conservation and development communities and, importantly, to policy makers. We use this review of the WWF’s experiences and compare and contrast it with other relevant and recent literature to highlight 11 important lessons for future large-scale forest restoration interventions. These lessons are presented using a stepwise approach to the restoration of forested landscapes. We identify the need for long-term commitment and funding, and a concerted and collaborative effort for successful forest landscape restoration. Our review highlights that monitoring impact within landscape-scale forest restoration remains inadequate. We conclude that forest restoration within landscapes is a challenging yet important proposition that has a real but undervalued place in environmental conservation in the twenty-first century.
An increasing number of businesses is funding tree planting. Several intermediaries intervene between the funding company and those planting trees, each playing a specific role. To ensure quality ...tree planting, intervention and leverage points need to be identified. We aim to understand the chain between the corporations that finance tree planting and those planting trees. We reviewed 61 multinational companies from France, Switzerland and the UK, involved in tree planting, and identified the partners with whom they work to attempt to characterise this chain. Our results show that there are at least eight different functions starting with the multinational company, then financiers, regulators, quality controllers, enablers, project developers, brokers and finally, implementers. Most corporations mobilise three to four actors or levels to carry out tree planting. The multiplicity of actors is both positive (e.g., quality assurance) and negative (e.g., adds costs). Growing pressure for corporations to demonstrate social and environmental responsibility signifies that more tree planting is likely. Yet, many challenges exist in this sector, which we aim to describe. Critical challenges we identify include transparency, equity and quality. In conclusion, this booming multilayer sector should be better structured; understanding the actors and their respective roles provides a first step in this direction.
Lesson learning from field implementation generates new knowledge that is particularly important in the context of recently developed approaches, processes and complex systems with limited history ...and much uncertainty. One such approach is forest landscape restoration (FLR). Although grounded in a number of disciplines (e.g., conservation biology, landscape ecology, restoration ecology), FLR has remained very fluid and molded to suit different stakeholders, from local to global. Today, many countries or organizations pledge to implement FLR. Global commitments, especially following the Bonn Challenge on FLR (established in 2011), aim to upscale FLR to achieve social, biodiversity, and carbon benefits. However, the FLR approach is relatively new (<20 years), complex due to its multifaceted nature, and long-term field experience and results are still limited. That makes lesson learning from past, ongoing and related approaches particularly urgent. We propose here a first attempt at a framework for lesson learning in FLR that can serve to ground both practice and policy in field experiences to date.
A growing number of businesses advertise their tree planting engagements even though it is generally outside their core business. Why do they do it? Where do they do it? With whom do they do it? How ...pervasive is this phenomenon? These are questions we sought to answer for three European countries: France, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. We selected all large corporations from those countries present on the Fortune 500 list of companies and analysed their reports and available documentation to see firstly whether they were engaged in tree planting and if yes, to answer the above questions. Our findings indicate that in the last 22 years, 98% of the large corporations from the three countries reviewed have carried out some tree planting activities, contributing to planting well over 500 million trees.
We report the results of descriptive and functional analyses of a representative forest and watershed in the southwestern Alps, where the Forest Service has attempted reforestation of badlands for ...erosion control since 1860, relying on the non‐native Pinus nigra ssp. nigra (Austrian black pine). One hundred twenty years after the first tree plantings, the plant communities are still early seral assemblages for the most part, with Austrian black pine occurring alone in the canopy. In contrast, most of the marly soils have physically recovered part of their total depth, with layers of fragmented and altered material equal to 50 cm, but their structure and chemical fertility is still poor. Autogenic soil restoration is proceeding however, largely engineered by earthworms (up to 49 individuals and 27 g/m2). Two dominant species are presumed keystone: Lumbricus terrestris and Octolasion cyaneum (Lumbricidae). The reestablishment of indigenous tree species is apparently not inhibited by site fertility or lack of nearby seed pools. We hypothesize that excessive stand density is responsible for the poor regeneration because it discourages the birds and rodents that control seed dissemination. Mortality of pines due to infestation by Viscum album subsp. austriacum (mistletoe) is creating large openings and should be specially managed. One hundred twenty years after the first plantings, the nineteenth‐century vision that restoration of badlands was ecologically feasible is validated, as is the strategy to establish pioneer tree species. Here Austrian black pine acts as a nurse stand and enables the return of indigenous broad‐leaved trees and a wide array of herbaceous species as well. However, our results clearly indicate that appropriate silvicultural tactics should now consist of tree thinning to promote the true restoration of native biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
The importance of ancientness and continuity of forest soil function is a new idea in conservation. Inspired by recent exchanges in France, and at the initiative of the Forest Group of the French ...section of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN France), a motion on the topic of ancientness of forests was proposed, discussed and adopted during the last IUCN World Congress in Hawaii in September 2016. In a world perceived as profoundly transformed by an ever-increasing human footprint, the concept of ancientness reminds us that the impact of anthropogenic activities (deforestation, tilling, erosion and soil degradation, etc.) have very long-term impacts on forests, their soils and associated biodiversity. Managers generally still underrate this contingency factor and its practical repercussions in spite of their abundance: land-use planning, silviculture, and protection of biodiversity. The article analyses the implications and applications at the European, French overseas territories and global scales. It looks at new perspectives to better take into account ancientness for the purpose of preserving biodiversity and naturalness of forest ecosystems.
L’importance de l’ancienneté des forêts et de la continuité du fonctionnement forestier des sols est une donnée nouvelle pour la conservation de la nature. S’inspirant des échanges récents en France, et à l’initiative du groupe Forêts de la section française de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN France), une motion sur le sujet de l’ancienneté des forêts a été proposée, discutée et adoptée lors du congrès mondial de l’UICN à Hawaï en septembre 2016. Dans un monde perçu de plus en plus comme profondément transformé par une empreinte humaine sans cesse croissante, le concept d’ancienneté vient rappeler que l’impact des activités anthropiques sur les forêts, les sols et leur biodiversité associée (déforestation, mise en culture, érosion et dégradation des sols, etc.) a des conséquences à très long terme sur les écosystèmes. Le gestionnaire méconnaît le plus souvent ce facteur de contingence et ses répercussions pratiques : elles sont pourtant nombreuses (aménagement du territoire, sylviculture, protection de la biodiversité). L’article analyse les répercussions et applications à l’échelle européenne, ultramarine et globale. Il dresse des perspectives pour une meilleure prise en compte de l’ancienneté dans la conservation de la biodiversité et de la naturalité des écosystèmes forestiers.
Biodiversity and functional processes of forests ecosystems are related to primary ecological qualities that are spontaneously found in old-growth forests, i.e.: diversity of species, of forest stand ...types and associated habitats; nativeness of trees and other species taking part in the ecosystem; structural complexity of tree stand; microhabitats and species habitats; maturity of tree stand; comprehensiveness of silvigenetic cycle; continuity in space; ancientness of forest cover (continuity over time). This aim of this article is to present shortly each key ecological quality, before reappraising management-induced changes, and discussing some new conservation tools developed to improve some qualities (retention of deadwood, network of old-growth islands, etc.). The article ends by exploring some perspectives for truly sustainable management.
La biodiversité et les processus fonctionnels de l’écosystème dépendent en forêt de qualités écologiques élémentaires que l’on retrouve spontanément dans les forêts naturelles, à savoir : diversité des espèces, des peuplements et des habitats associés ; indigénat des arbres et des autres espèces participant à l’écosystème ; complexité de la structure du peuplement ; microhabitats et habitats d’espèces ; maturité du peuplement ; complétude du cycle sylvigénétique ; continuité dans l’espace ; ancienneté de l’état boisé (continuité dans le temps). Cet article se propose de présenter succinctement les qualités écologiques clés, puis de réfléchir aux modifications induites par la gestion, et de discuter les nouveaux outils de conservation développés en faveur de certaines d’entre elles (rétention de bois mort, réseau d’îlots de vieux bois…). Il se termine sur quelques perspectives pour une gestion véritablement durable.
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