A collection of fourteen winter wheat accessions was evaluated to describe agro-morphological traits over a two-year study at four locations. Changes in grain yield, test weight, and plant height ...were related to differences in growing seasons, locations, genotypes, and their interactions. Thus, some genotypes are suitable for one location but not for another. However, a PCA showed that genotypes 2, 26, 28, 32, and 31 were the most stable across environments. In the 2022/2023 season, a negative relationship was observed between septoria leaf blotch, septoria nodorum blotch, yellow rust, fusarium head blight, and grain yield. Grain yield decreased by 84.8, 72.3, 37.4, and 4.3% in Kutjevo, Osijek, Tovarnik, and Zagreb, respectively, compared to the 2021/2022 season. Additionally, in the 2022/2023 season, barley yellow dwarf virus weakened wheat plants, especially at the locations Kutjevo, Tovarnik, and Osijek, where a relationship was observed with septoria leaf blotch and powdery mildew. At the Zagreb location, wheat genotypes were planted at the latest sowing date, probably escaping the virus pressure after plants easily tolerated diseases, resulting in a significantly higher mean grain yield.
The wheat grain yields increased in EU from 4.98 t ha−1 to 5.45 t ha−1 in the periods from 2006 to 2014 to from 2015 to 2023. It is hypothesized that changes in specific morphological traits over the ...years resulted in grain yield increase due to the utilization of new wheat varieties in production. To highlight the current status and changes over time, we evaluated a comprehensive panel of 1322 wheat varieties that included testing of morphological traits of varieties recognized from period from 2006 till 2023. Positive relation of registration year with traits such as seed color, glaucosity of neck of culm, plant height, ear length, scurs and awns length, ear color, and shape of the beak of the lower glume was obtained. The most significant changes over time resulted in a darker color of the seed, decreased area of hairiness of the convex surface of the apical rachis segment, enhanced glaucosity of the neck of the culm and decreased frequency of the plants with recurved flag leaves. It was shown that traits such as the frequency of plants with recurved flag leaves, time of emergence, glaucosity of flag leaves, existence of scurs and awns, and area of the hairiness of the convex surface of the apical rachis segment had significant decreases over time. This research demonstrated the importance of twelve morphological traits in the varietal improvement of grain yield over the time from 2006 to 2023.
Wheat infections caused by Fusarium represent a global agricultural problem that reduces grain yield and negatively impacts wheat’s technological and rheological quality. Although fungal proteases or ...an increase in endogenous proteases due to Fusarium infection could negatively influence wheat storage proteins and dough performance, little research has been performed on either of these topics. The primary objective of this study was to identify the effect of Fusarium infection on protease activity in 25 wheat cultivars grown in two distinct locations in eastern Croatia. Apart from proteolytic activity, this paper describes the impact of Fusarium head blight (FHB) infection on the technological quality parameters of wheat flour and the dough’s rheological properties. The first treatment consisted of naturally grown, healthy wheat without fungicides, while the second treatment utilized wheat varieties subjected to intense FHB infection. Protein and wet gluten content in wheat grain and flour of uninfected cultivars were heavily influenced by testing location, soil type, and quality. Fusarium infection increased the activity of nonspecific proteases by 43% in flour samples from Osijek and 125% in flour samples from Tovarnik. Estimates of effect size showed that FHB infection had twice as big an effect on protease activity in Tovarnik as in Osijek, and a similar trend was found for dough softening. Moreover, the infection significantly impacted wheat cultivars’ extensograph values, indicating a lower resistance to stretching, extensibility, and total stretching energy in infected flour samples, indicating that dough functionality and volume loss can be attributed to exogenous fungal proteases. Still, the magnitude of the effect varied depending on the growth location and the cultivar’s traits. Multivariate data analysis identified three clusters of wheat cultivars, each with varying degrees of the Fusarium infection’s effects. Some cultivars displayed consistent protease activity and flour quality across sites. In contrast, others showed variability in their responses due to environmental conditions. To conclude, genetic resistance could provide adequate control of FHB, guaranteeing the successful protection of wheat quality. However, the possibility of confounding factors influencing genetic and cultivation conditions must be considered, and further research is needed to understand their interaction.
Development of new cultivars and agronomic improvements are key factors of increasing in future grain yield in maize grown in environments affected by climate change. Assessment of value for ...cultivation and use (VCU) reflects the results of latest breeding efforts showing yield trends, whereby external environmental covariates were rarely used. This study aimed to analyze several environmental effects including stress degree days (SDD) on grain yields in Croatian VCU trials in three maturity groups using linear mixed model for the estimation of fixed and random effects. Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) of location-year interaction showed no pattern among maturity groups. SDD showed mostly non-significant coefficients of regression on location BLUPs for yield. Analyzing location BLUPs, it was shown that the effect became consistently stronger with later maturity, either positive or negative. The effects of management might play more critical role in maize phenology and yield formation compared with climate change, at least in suboptimum growing conditions often found in Southeast Europe. To facilitate more robust predictions of the crop improvement, the traditional forked approach dealing with G × E by breeders and E × M by agronomists should be integrated to G × E × M framework, to assess the full gradient of combinations forming the adaptation landscape.
Soybean is generally grown as a rainfed crop worldwide and very often is exposed to drought and high temperatures. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance and stability of 32 ...elite soybean genotypes for seed protein and oil contents across six dry and eight normal environments and to determine the influence of environment on the relationship between the two traits. In the combined ANOVA, genotypes (G), environments (E) and G × E were significant for both traits with protein content being more sensitive to environmental changes than oil content. Mean seed protein content decreased by 4.5% under drought conditions compared to normal ones and ranged from 2.3% to 7.1% for individual genotypes. At the same time drought caused a slight increase in seed oil content of +1.2%, with a range of −1.3% to +4.5% for individual genotypes. Genotype stability in terms of regression coefficient (b) and coefficient of variation (CV) was in moderate to weak negative correlation with mean genotype performance for protein content, while no correlation was observed between genotype stability and mean genotype performance for oil content. Protein and oil content were significantly negatively correlated in normal environments (r = −0.33), while no correlation between the traits was observed in dry environments (r = −0.02).
Tijekom 2017. i 2018. godine provedena su poljska istraživanja o utjecaju genotipa, godine, lokacije te interakcija na prinos, udio ulja i proteina u soji. U pokus je uvršteno dvadeset ...najzastupljenijih genotipova soje koji u strukturi sjetve zauzimaju 75% sjetvenih površina. Pokus je postavljen na lokacijama Osijek i Kutjevo u dva ponavljanja po slučajnom blok-rasporedu. U 2018. godini ostvaren je prosječno veći prinos zrna, udio ulja i proteina prvenstveno zbog pravilnog rasporeda oborina. Lokacija Osijek u svim godinama istraživanja imala je prosječno veće prinose zrna, udio ulja i proteina. Prema dobivenim rezultatima analize varijance za genotip, interakciju genotipa x lokacija i genotip x godina dobivene su statistički visoko opravdane razlike (P<0,01) za prinos zrna. Za genotip i interakciju genotip x godina dobivene su statistički opravdane razlike (P<0,05) za udio ulja i proteina. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja doprinijet će pravilnom izboru genotipova ovisno o namjeni proizvodnje kako bi se iskoristio genetski potencijal genotipa koji je najpogodniji za određenu lokaciju.
Global climate changes have caused a significant weather oscillation. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of weather conditions on the association of soybean seed yield and ...yield components, to find out the magnitude and effect of each component and their reaction to environmental stress. Seventy-four soybean varieties from nine geographical origins were studied during two seasons (2015 with less rainfall and increased temperatures and 2016 with increased humidity and moderate temperatures) at the Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs in Osijek, Croatia. Correlation and path analysis were used to examine the association of the studied traits. The variance analysis revealed significant (P<0.01) effect of genotype, year and their interactions on all examined traits. During both seasons the seed yield was in significant and positive correlation with seed number per plant, pods number per plant, seed number per pod and 1,000-seed weight. All the traits mentioned had a stronger correlation with the yield in the dry 2015 compared to the year 2016. The seed number per plant had the highest correlation coefficients and a high and positive direct effect on seed yield in both years. Therefore, the selection of high yielding genotypes based on this trait can be done directly regardless of the variable weather conditions. The hierarchical clustering of varieties resulted in eight clusters in both years, confirming high genetic variability of the examined varieties. In 2016 one cluster that mainly consisted of varieties typical for the breeding programs of this region was singled out.
The aim of the research was to compare the productivity and quality of several forage grasses in the climate conditions of south-eastern Europe. The research was conducted during 2012 and 2013, in ...the south-western part of the Pannonian basin (vicinity of Osijek, Croatia). The experiment included 5 grass species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), hybrid ryegrass (Lolium x boucheanum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense) cut three times per year, i.e. 6 cuttings in total for two years. The results have shown that there were significant statistical differences for all investigated traits between the species, years and their interaction at the P˂0.05 levels. In average, the highest dry matter yield was achieved during the first year of using (10.4 and 9.1 t*ha-1). In average two years of using, the highest yields of dry matter had Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot. Quality results showed that the cocksfoot was the least digestible because it contained over 700 g*kg-1 of NDF and 450 g*kg-1 of ADF, unlike the perennial ryegrass which had 559 and 327 g*kg-1 of NDF and ADF. The final results showed the productivity per hectare where the most energy-producing species of Italian ryegrass with the possible production of 19,739 liters of milk with 4% milk fat. On the base protein productivity, the most prominent was the cocksfoot which could produce 11,878 liters of milk from 713 kg proteins in one year. The results show that none of the tested grasses had a balanced relationship between protein and energy.
Vlada Republike Hrvatske 1998. godine osnovala Zavod (danas Centar) za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo kao nacionalno ovlašteno tijelo za monitoring i provođenje svih poslova iz područja sjemenarstva i ...rasadničarstva. Područje nadzora sjemenske proizvodnje i izdavanje certifikata provodi se prema Zakonu u sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 110/21) i prema 11 marketinških Pravilnika (Pravilnici o stavljanju sjemena na tržište sjemena za pojedine grupe bilja ili biljne vrste). U radu će se dati prikaz 25 godina rada nacionalnog ovlaštenog tijela u području nadzora sjemenske proizvodnje i izdavanja certifikata.
The Government of the Republic of Croatia in 1998. established the Institute (today's Center) for seed and seedlings as a national designated autority for monitoring and carrying out all work in the field of seed and seedling production. The area of field inspection and issuing of seed certificates is carried out according to the Law on seeds, planting material and recognition of varieties of agricultural plants (NN 110/21) and according to 11 marketing regulations (Regulations on placing seeds on the seed market for certain groups of plants or plant species). The paper will present an account of 25 years of work of the national designated autority in the field of monitoring seed production and issuing certificates.
Prema uzoru na razvijene Europske zemlje Vlada Republike Hrvatske 1998. godine osniva Zavod (danas Centar) za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo kao nacionalno ovlašteno tijelo za provođenje svih poslova ...iz područja sjemenarstva i rasadničarstva. Područje priznavanja i zaštite sorti poljoprivrednog bilja provodi se prema Zakonu u sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 110/21), Zakonu o zaštiti biljnih sorti (NN 131/97, 62/00, 67/08, 124/10 i 124/11), Pravilnikom o upisu sorti u Sortnu listu (NN 48/23), Pravilnikom o priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 99/08, 100/09, 109/10 i 77/13), Pravilniku o izmjenama i dopunama Pravilnika o priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN57/18) i Pravilnikom o postupku utvrđivanja različitosti, ujednačenosti i postojanosti novih biljnih sorti u svrhu dodjeljivanja oplemenjivačkog prava i priznavanja sorti (NN 61/11). U radu će se dati prikaz 25 godina rada u području priznavanja i zaštite biljnih sorti u nacionalnom ovlaštenom tijelu.
Following the example of developed European countries, the Government of the Republic of Croatia established the Institute (now the Center) for seed and seedling in 1998 as a nationally designated autority for carrying out all work in the field of seed production and seedlings. The field of registration and protection of varieties of agricultural plants is carried out according to the Law on seeds, planting material and registration of varieties of agricultural plants (NN 110/21), the Law on Protection of Plant Varieties (NN 131/97, 62/00, 67/08, 124/10 and 124/11), the Regulations on the entry of varieties in the Variety List (NN 48/23), the Regulations on the Registration of Agricultural Plant Varieties (NN 99/08, 100/09, 109/10 and 77/13), the Regulations on amendments on registration of varieties of agricultural plants (NN 57/18) and the Regulations on the procedure for determining the diversity, uniformity and stability of new plant varieties for the purpose of granting breeding rights and registration of varieties (NN 61/11). The paper will present an account of 25 years of work in the field of registration and protection of plant varieties in the nationally designated autority.
PDF
