Strength training (ST) or resistance training is important in the development and maintenance of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health in women of all ages; however, uptake of ST amongst women is ...low. To improve female musculoskeletal health, it is vital that more women are encouraged to participate in ST to maintain musculoskeletal integrity. This systematic review aimed to identify motivators and barriers to women initiating and maintaining ST. Following protocol registration and systematic search, studies were included if they were primary qualitative or mixed-method studies reporting participant verbatim quotes, included adult women, and focused on motivators and barriers for ST. Searches generated 2534 articles from 3 databases, with 20 studies (
N
= 402 participants) meeting eligibility criteria. Participant quotes and authors’ interpretations were analysed using thematic synthesis. The most frequently observed barriers were gender-based stigmas, discouragement, and negative comments, particularly in women currently engaging in ST. Other factors associated with poor adherence included boredom, poor knowledge of ST, poor gym accessibility, lack of supervision or routine, and difficulty in balancing work and family life. Social support from friends and family, words of affirmation, and accompaniment facilitated ST, particularly in older women. Women who saw expected results such as weight loss were motivated to continue ST. Interventions aimed at increasing participation in ST amongst women should focus on the specific benefits valued by women and the dissemination of accurate information to counter misconceptions and increase knowledge. The adaptation of gym environments to make them more welcoming to women, and reduce gender-focused criticism, is especially important.
BackgroundThis study evaluated the interface between fresh eugenol/bioceramic sealer-conditioned coronal dentin and high-viscous glass-ionomer cement (HVGIC), treated with various dentin conditioners ...(saline, 10% polyacrylic acid, and 37% phosphoric acid). Materials and MethodsStandard endodontic access preparation and instrumentation were done in 21 freshly extracted mandibular molar teeth in this in vitro study. Teeth were divided into two interventional groups (n = 9/group), based on the type of sealer (zinc oxide eugenol ZOE/bioceramic BioRoot RCS sealer) used for obturation. Samples were further subdivided based on the type of dentin-conditioning procedures performed (saline/10% polyacrylic acid/37% phosphoric acid). Post dentin conditioning, the access cavity was sealed with HVGIC. Later, material-dentin interfacial analysis and elemental analysis were done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. ResultsThe interfacial SEM images of HVGIC layered over B-RCS/ZOE sealer-conditioned dentin, treated with saline, showed predominantly adhesive debonding failures, whereas cohesive debonding was observed with polyacrylic and phosphoric acid. In the elemental analysis, the intensity of zirconium (depicting the residue of B-RCS)/zinc (depicting ZOE sealer) was very high on the dentin side treated with saline, in comparison to the dentin treated with polyacrylic and phosphoric acid. Furthermore, the intensity of elements from HVGIC was low on the dentin side of the groups with saline, whereas these elements showed maximum penetration into the dentin when treated with phosphoric acid. ConclusionConditioning of the endodontic access cavity using 37% phosphoric acid immediately postobturation resulted in higher penetration of HVGIC into the dentin, in comparison to the other dentin conditioners.
Introduction: The isthmus is a communication between two or more root canals that contains pulp tissue. Its unpredictable location, variable prevalence, and anatomic complexity often result in ...challenging debridement. The knowledge of these factors may prove beneficial for successful endodontic treatment. The primary aim of this systematic review was to assess the prevalence and morphology of root canal isthmus (RCI) in human permanent teeth using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) studies. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of demographic factors such as age, gender, and geographic region on the prevalence and morphology of the isthmus. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted until January 2020. Studies published in the English language using micro-CT for the evaluation of isthmus prevalence and morphology were included. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to qualitative synthesis. Results: The prevalence of isthmus in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars ranged from 8.9% to 70.8%, with maximum prevalence in the middle third of the root (49.50%–73%). The mesial root of mandibular molars had a prevalence ranging from 80.6% to 100% on full root analysis and 85%–88.89% in the apical third. Conclusion: The prevalence of RCI was higher in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars and the mesial roots of mandibular molars, extending in the corono-apical direction with a complex and variable morphology. The influence of demographic factors on the prevalence of RCI could not be established clearly.
AIM 1: Alcohol-impaired driving continues to be a significant cause of car crash injuries and deaths. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) cut-off level for drunk driving is 0.08% in Michigan, and ...is estimated that lowering this cut-off to 0.05% would save 500–800 lives every year in the US alone. We used a portable virtual reality (VR)-based driving simulator to demonstrate the effects of alcohol at BAC concentrations 0.02-0.08%, grouped into 0.01% increments, on driving performance, specifically Crash Avoidance Reaction Time (CART), i.e., the time (in msec) required to initiate a steering avoidance response. We found that BAC concentrations as low as 0.031-0.04% significantly increased CART. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the BAC cut-off for drunk driving should be lowered to 0.05%, or even lower.AIM 2: Safe driving requires that a driver remain attentive and focused on the driving task. Ethanol impairs a person’s ability to ‘pay attention’, so it is possible that driving impairment from alcohol results from a loss of attention to the driving task. Therefore, on approximately half of the crash avoidance trials, a Warning Bell was used to increase the drivers’ attention. Treatment with 4 and 5 drinks generated BACs in the target range and significantly increased CART compared to placebo. Presentation of Warning Bell significantly reduced the effects of alcohol to increase CART relative to vehicle treatment. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of alcohol at BAC levels at or below 0.08% result at least in part from changes in attention to the driving task.AIM 3: It was predicted that the subjects who reported alcohol tolerance would show smaller impairments in driving for a given BAC when compared to subjects with a history of no or more limited exposure. To examine this effect, we used subject self-reported drinking history (NIAAA scale). Unfortunately, we were unable to recruit a sufficient number of ‘binge drinkers’ to serve as participants in our study, and the sample size was therefore inadequate to draw any meaningful conclusions regarding this question.
•Unprecedented numbers of new anti-cancer drug licensed during this period.•Transition away from cytotoxic chemotherapy to targeted therapies.•Newer anti-cancer therapies have longer average median ...durations of treatment.•Newer drugs are associated with a significantly higher financial burden.
Analysis of new anticancer drugs licensed in the UK found that 44 new therapies were approved from 2015 to 2019. No other 5-year period has produced as many new therapies. Most new drugs are kinase inhibitors (KIs, N=18) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, N=16) with only one classical cytotoxic chemotherapy (CC) licensed. The average median treatment duration has risen by 55 days to 318 days (263 days in 2010–2014). Drug costs have escalated; an average treatment course now costs £62 343, compared to £35 383 in 2010–2014. New drugs are delivering significant clinical benefits with longer treatment durations. However, the financial burden is greater, heralding economic challenges for healthcare providers.
Context (Background): Guided endodontics has various applications, one of which is for calcified canal negotiation. Recently, a new single-tooth template has been fabricated to overcome the drawbacks ...of bulky guides, which are difficult to use with rubber dam isolation.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the novel single-tooth template for negotiation of pulp canal calcification (PCC) in three-dimensional (3D)-printed resin incisors by comparing substance loss and time taken between incisal endodontic access (IEA) and single-tooth template-guided endodontic access (SGEA).
Methods: Forty-two resin incisor teeth having patent canal in the apical third were used (N = 21/group). They were subcategorized based on operator's experience into senior endodontist (SE), postgraduate (PG), and undergraduate (UG) (n = 7/operator). Canals were negotiated conventionally for IEA and using the single-tooth template for SGEA. Substance loss was calculated from the volume difference between pre- and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography scans. The time taken was also recorded.
Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test and one-way analysis of variance test.
Results: Canals were successfully negotiated in 100% and 95% of teeth in the SGEA and IEA groups, respectively. Overall substance loss and time taken were significantly lesser for SGEA for all operators (P < 0.001). In the IEA group, post hoc test showed statistical significance between SE and UG for substance loss (P < 0.05) and SE-UG and PG-UG for time taken (P < 0.05). No significant difference among operators was noted for both parameters in SGEA.
Conclusions: SGEA resulted in significantly lesser substance loss and time taken for canal negotiation in 3D-printed resin incisors with simulated PCC. This was independent of the experience levels of the operator.
According to the CDC report in 2017, approximately 9.4% of the US population suffers from diabetes. The ocular manifestations of diabetes include diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract and ocular ...surface diseases. Research shows that around 47-64% of diabetic individuals suffer from dysfunctional corneal wound healing in the eye, known as diabetic keratopathy. The presence of free oxygen radicals, advanced glycation products and the absence of mucins in the eyes of diabetic individuals disrupts the homeostasis required for epithelial wound healing. Current treatment for corneal wound healing is mostly symptomatic and includes administration of antibiotic drops, bandage lenses, artificial tears and punctal plugs. However, these are symptombased treatments and there remains a need for a cause-based approach. Rebamipide eye drops are used in dry eye disease in Japan because of its ability to improve mucin secretion and maintain tear film stability. Additionally, it has shown epithelial wound healing activity along with the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce inflammation. In this study, we have fabricated micropatterned, mucoadhesive films containing rebamipide that have a sustained release of drug from the polymer matrix. We show that these thin films containing cellulose and Eudragit polymers form clear and distinct patterns of good resolution. Micropatterned films also show good tensile strength and flexibility. Cytotixicity studies on corneal stem cells show that the 48%EPO+32%FS30D formulation has the least toxicity with a good sustained release of drug in 24 hours. We also demonstrate the higher mucoadhesive properties of micropatterned films as compared to plain, unpatterned films on the ocular mucosa. Finally, we show the preliminary development of an ex-vivo lacrimation model of the retention of films on the sclera using enucleated porcine eyeballs.
To evaluate the effect of diode laser (GaAlAs-980 nm) for full coronal pulpotomy (FCP) compared to conventional crown pulpotomy (CCP) in mature teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP) and ...assess dentine bridge formation after FCP using CBCT.
A total of 86 patients (43 per group) with SIP in permanent mandibular molars were included. Access opening and FCP were done, after which haemostasis was achieved with 2.5% NaOCl in the CCP group and a diode laser (GaAlAs-980 nm) in the laser crown pulpotomy group (LCP). Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France) was placed, and the cavity was sealed. Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were done at 6, 12, and 18 months, with additional CBCT evaluation at 18 months. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and survival rates were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The Cox proportional model was used to determine the effect of possible covariates on pulpotomy outcomes. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
The overall success rate for CCP and LCP at 18 months was 88.4% and 93% respectively. At the end of 18 months, 8 cases (5 in CCP, 3 in LCP) failed. The postoperative pain score at 48 hours was significantly higher for CCP (mean +- standard deviation: 1.7+-1.4; p<0.001). CBCT analysis at 18 months revealed thicker dentine bridge formation for LCP (Median & IQR: 0.89, 1.06) compared to CCP (p=0.0479). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed a more rapid decline in the survival rate of CCP (0.89) compared to that of LCP (0.93). Postoperative pain at 48 hours, PAI scores at 6, 12, 18 months, and age were found to affect the hazard ratio based on the Cox regression model.
Within the limitations of this trial, there was no significant difference in the outcome between diode laser and conventional pulpotomy. However, LCP resulted in lesser postoperative pain at 48 hours and thicker dentine bridge formation at 18 months, with a longer estimated survival rate. (EEJ-2023-01-011).
OBJECTIVEThe objective of this systematic review was to comprehensively assess the literature regarding the applications, accuracy, advantages and limitations of dynamic navigation in endodontics. ...METHODSCase reports and laboratory studies in the English language, which used the Dynamic Navigation System (DNS) for endodontic application and assessed the accuracy of treatment, the time required for treatment and iatrogenic errors were included. PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science were searched for eligible articles (up to July 2021). Additional hand searching of four peer-reviewed endodontic journals and a grey literature search were also carried out. A risk of bias assessment was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. Data were extracted based on endodontic application of DNS, tooth type, DNS brand, accuracy, iatrogenic errors, and time taken, followed by qualitative analysis. RESULTSFourteen articles (three case reports and eleven in-vitro studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included. The quality assessment revealed a low risk of bias, with mean scores of 83.34% for case reports and 84.09% for in-vitro studies. DNS was used for various clinical applications such as access cavity preparation, pulp canal obliteration, endodontic retreatment and microsurgery. The DNS brands used were Navident, X-guide, ImplaNav, and DENACAM. Due to the nature of the component studies, meta-analysis was not possible. CONCLUSIONChallenging clinical situations like pulp canal obliteration, conservative access preparation, endodontic retreatment and microsurgery can be managed efficiently with fewer iatrogenic errors in a shorter time using DNS. However, this systematic review's evidence is low since the included articles are either case reports or in-vitro studies. Clinical studies are needed to test DNS efficacy among operators, including those who are less proficient and compare the accuracy of currently available systems.
Pathogenic agents can lead to severe clinical outcomes such as food poisoning, infection of open wounds, particularly in burn injuries and sepsis. Rapid detection of these pathogens can monitor these ...infections in a timely manner improving clinical outcomes. Conventional bacterial detection methods, such as agar plate culture or polymerase chain reaction, are time-consuming and dependent on complex and expensive instruments, which are not suitable for point-of-care (POC) settings. Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop a simple, rapid method for detection of pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Here, we present an immunobased microchip technology that can rapidly detect and quantify bacterial presence in various sources including physiologically relevant buffer solution (phosphate buffered saline PBS), blood, milk, and spinach. The microchip showed reliable capture of E. coli in PBS with an efficiency of 71.8% ± 5% at concentrations ranging from 50 to 4,000 CFUs/mL via lipopolysaccharide binding protein. The limits of detection of the microchip for PBS, blood, milk, and spinach samples were 50, 50, 50, and 500 CFUs/mL, respectively. The presented technology can be broadly applied to other pathogens at the POC, enabling various applications including surveillance of food supply and monitoring of bacteriology in patients with burn wounds.
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