"The technical support from SLAC Accelerator Directorate, Technology Innovation Directorate, LCLS laser division and Test Facility Division is gratefully acknowledged. We thank S.P. Weathersby, R.K. ...Jobe, D. McCormick, A. Mitra, S. Carron and J. Corbett for their invaluable help and technical assistance. Research at SLAC was supported through the SIMES Institute which like the LCLS and SSRL user facilities is funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The UED work was performed at SLAC MeV-UED, which is supported in part by the DOE BES SUF Division Accelerator & Detector R&D program, the LCLS Facility, and SLAC under contract Nos. DE-AC02-05-CH11231 and DE-AC02-76SF00515. Use of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515."and"Work at BNL was supported by DOE BES Materials Science and Engineering Division under Contract No: DE-AC02-98CH10886. J.C. would like to acknowledge the support from National Science Foundation Grant No. 1207252. E.E.F. would like to acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) under Award No. DE-SC0003678."This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
The Advanced Photoinjector Experiment (APEX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is dedicated to the development of a high-brightness high-repetition rate (MHz-class) electron injector for ...x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) and other applications where high repetition rates and high brightness are simultaneously required. The injector is based on a new concept rf gun utilizing a normal-conducting (NC) cavity resonating in the VHF band at 186 MHz, and operating in continuous wave (cw) mode in conjunction with high quantum efficiency photocathodes capable of delivering the required charge at MHz repetition rates with available laser technology. The APEX activities are staged in three phases. In phase 0, the NC cw gun is built and tested to demonstrate the major milestones to validate the gun design and performance. Also, starting in phase 0 and continuing in phase I, different photocathodes are tested at the gun energy and at full repetition rate for validating candidate materials to operate in a high-repetition rate FEL. In phase II, a room-temperature pulsed linac is added for accelerating the beam at several tens of MeV to reduce space charge effects and allow the measurement of the brightness of the beam from the gun when integrated in an injector scheme. The installation of the phase 0 beam line and the commissioning of the VHF gun are completed, phase I components are under fabrication, and initial design and specification of components and layout for phase II are under way. This paper presents the phase 0 commissioning results with emphasis on the experimental milestones that have successfully demonstrated the APEX gun capability of operating at the required performance.
Alkali-antimonide photocathodes were grown on Si(100) and studied by means of XPS and UHV-AFM to validate the growth procedure and morphology of this material. The elements were evaporated ...sequentially at elevated substrate temperatures (first Sb, second K, third Cs). The generated intermediate K-Sb compound itself is a photocathode and the composition of K2.4Sb is close to the favored K3Sb stoichiometry. After cesium deposition, the surface layer is cesium enriched. The determined rms roughness of 25 nm results in a roughness domination of the emittance in the photoinjector already above 3 MV/m.
Alkali antimonides have a long history as visible-light-sensitive photocathodes. This work focuses on the process of fabrication of the bi-alkali photocathodes, K2CsSb. In-situ synchrotron x-ray ...diffraction and photoresponse measurements were used to monitor phase evolution during sequential photocathode growth mode on Si(100) substrates. The amorphous-to-crystalline transition for the initial antimony layer was observed at a film thickness of 40 Å . The antimony crystalline structure dissolved upon potassium deposition, eventually recrystallizing upon further deposition into K-Sb crystalline modifications. This transition, as well as the conversion of potassium antimonide to K2CsSb upon cesium deposition, is correlated with changes in the quantum efficiency.
This paper presents two-photon photoemission from a copper cathode in an X -band photoinjector. We experimentally verified that the electron bunch charge from photoemission out of a copper cathode ...scales with laser intensity (I) square for 400 nm wavelength photons. We compare this two-photon photoemission process with the single photon process at 266 nm. Despite the high reflectivity (R ) of the copper surface for 400 nm photons (R=0.48 ) and higher thermal energy of photoelectrons (two-photon at 200 nm) compared to 266 nm photoelectrons, the quantum efficiency of the two-photon photoemission process (400 nm) exceeds the single-photon process (266 nm) when the incident laser intensity is above 300GW/cm2 . At the same laser pulse energy (E ) and other experimental conditions, emitted charge scales inversely with the laser pulse duration. A thermal emittance of 2.7 mm-mrad per mm root mean square (rms) was measured on our cathode which exceeds by sixty percent larger compared to the theoretical predictions, but this discrepancy is similar to previous experimental thermal emittance on copper cathodes with 266 nm photons. The damage of the cathode surface of our first-generation X -band gun from both rf breakdowns and laser impacts mostly explains this result. Using a 400 nm laser can substantially simplify the photoinjector system, and make it an alternative solution for compact pulsed electron sources.
Prospects for high-resolution imaging at femtosecond speeds using electron diffractive imaging are reviewed in the context of recent achievements using free-electron X-ray lasers. The conflict ...between Coulomb interactions and the spatial coherence of electron beams is identified as a limiting factor. Experimental results showing the performance of a milliwatt laser-driven fast photofield GaAs electron emitter are presented, including emission current and measured energy spread for various laser energies illuminating the electron emission tip. Band-bending below the Fermi level, due to penetration of the tip field into the emitter, is found to limit the emission energy spread by thermalizing the electrons. Because of the absence of beam crossovers and consequent Coulomb interactions, the point-projection photofield emission microscope with its high spatial coherence is suggested as a method for obtaining femtosecond images at high resolution from atomic processes, which may be triggered repetitively. The incorporation of a photofield emitter into a microwave pulse compression gun is discussed, as is the use of electron photofield emission from semiconductor donor states.
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