Scalable sheet-to-sheet slot die coating processes have been demonstrated for perovskite solar cells and modules. The processes have been developed on 6in. × 6in. glass/ITO substrates for two ...functional layers: the perovskite photo-active layer and the Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport layer. Perovskite solar cells produced using these slot die coating processes demonstrate device performances identical to the spin coated devices. All manufactured devices illustrate a high level of reproducibility. The developed slot die coating processes were also used for the manufacturing of perovskite PV modules. Large area modules of 12.5 × 13.5cm2 were realized by slot die coating on 6in. × 6in. substrates in combination with newly developed laser ablation processes for conventional P1-P2-P3 monolithic cell interconnections. The modules demonstrate power conversion efficiencies above 10%, with a power output of 1.7W. This achievement is an important milestone in the development of up-scalable manufacturing technologies for perovskite PV modules.
•Scalable sheet-to-sheet slot die coating processes have been demonstrated for perovskite solar cells and modules.•Slot die coated devices demonstrate PCEs identical to the spin coated devices.•Large area modules of 12.5 × 13.5cm2 were realized by slot die coating on 6in. × 6in. substrates.•Laser ablation processes for conventional P1-P2-P3 monolithic cell interconnections have been developed.•The modules demonstrate power conversion efficiencies above 10%, with a power output of 1.7W.
Perovskite materials are drawing tremendous interest for photovoltaic solar cell applications, but are hampered by intrinsic material and device instability issues. Such issues can arise from ...environmental influences as well as from the chemical incompatibility of the perovskite layer with charge transport layers and electrodes used in the device stack. Several attempts have been made to address the instability issue, mostly concentrating on the substitution of the organic cations in the perovskite lattice, and on alternatives for the organic charge extraction layers, without laying much emphasis on stabilising the existing, conventional high efficiency methylammonium lead iodide/spiro-OMeTAD based devices. To address the latter issue, we utilized atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a straightforward and soft deposition process to conformally deposit Al 2 O 3 on top of the perovskite absorber. An ultra-thin ALD Al 2 O 3 film effectively protects the perovskite layer while it is sufficiently thin enough to provide a tunnel contact. The fabricated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit superior device performance with a stabilised power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18%, a significant reduction in hysteresis loss, and enhanced long-term stability (beyond 60 days) as a function of the unencapsulated storage time in ambient air, under humidity conditions ranging from 40 to 70% at room temperature. PCE measurements after 70 days of humidity exposure show that the devices incorporating 10 cycles of ALD Al 2 O 3 could significantly retard the humidity-induced degradation thereby retaining about 60–70% of its initial PCE, while that of the reference devices drops to a remaining 12% of their initial PCE. This work successfully addresses and tackles the problem of the hybrid organic–inorganic IV-halide perovskite solar cell’s instability in a humid environment, and the key findings pave the way to the upscaling of these devices.
Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction are used to study the changes in morphology of composite films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a methanofullerene derivative (PCBM) in ...bulk heterojunction solar cells. Thermal annealing produces and stabilizes a nanoscale interpenetrating network with crystalline order for both components. P3HT forms long, thin conducting nanowires in a rather homogeneous, nanocrystalline PCBM film. Both the improved crystalline nature of films and increased but controlled demixing between the two constitutes therein after annealing explains the considerable increase of the power conversion efficiency observed in these devices.
We report the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of ten new fullerene derivatives for usage in organic solar cells. The phenyl ring of PCBM was substituted with ...electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents to study their influence on the LUMO level of the parent fullerene. We varied the LUMO level over a range of 86 mV and show a small but significant change of the open circuit voltage upon application in MDMO−PPV:methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cells.
A large number of flexible polymer solar modules comprising 16 serially connected individual cells was prepared at the experimental workshop at Risø DTU. The photoactive layer was prepared from ...several varieties of P3HT (Merck, Plextronics, BASF and Risø DTU) and two varieties of ZnO (nanoparticulate, thin film) were employed as electron transport layers. The devices were all tested at Risø DTU and the functional devices were subjected to an inter-laboratory study involving the performance and the stability of modules over time in the dark, under light soaking and outdoor conditions. 24 laboratories from 10 countries and across four different continents were involved in the studies. The reported results allowed for analysis of the variability between different groups in performing lifetime studies as well as performing a comparison of different testing procedures. These studies constitute the first steps toward establishing standard procedures for an OPV lifetime characterization.
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► A stability round robin was carried out involving more than 20 laboratories and more than 300 polymer solar cell modules. ► The reproducibility between laboratories was improved by deliberate choice of testing methods, sample size, contacting scheme and handling. ► Xenon and metal halide lamps were found to reproduce aging under real sun well, whereas sulfur lamps were found to result in overestimation of OPV stability.
In order to reach the objective of low-cost, large area organic photovoltaic systems, we build up a knowledge base concerning the influence of process conditions on the performance of polymer solar ...cells. A large area solar cell module, with roll-to-roll coated PEDOT:PSS and photoactive layers (based on P3HT:C60PCBM blend) on a flexible substrate, has been demonstrated. Both the PEDOT:PSS and photoactive layer were deposited by slot die coating. A non-chlorinated solvent was used for the deposition of the photoactive blend. The flexible solar cell module illustrated a power conversion efficiency of 0.7% under AM 1.5 conditions. Methods to further improve the technological process are proposed.
Owing to their increased absorption of light in the visible region, 70fullerene derivatives provide a high photocurrent when incorporated as the electron acceptor in thin‐film polymer photovoltaic ...cells. An incident‐photon‐to‐current efficiency of 66 % is obtained when 70PCBM (see picture) is used in combination with a poly(p‐phenylene vinylene). These high currents originate from an ultrafast charge transfer that occurs upon photoexcitation of either the fullerene or the polymer.
Perovskite solar cells employing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as hole transport layer on top of methylammonium lead halide are reported, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 11% and ...a 6% stabilized power output. An atomic layer deposition assisted interface architectural approach is adopted to fabricate the n–i–p perovskite/PEDOT devices. The results present a promising next step toward efficient low‐cost perovskite‐based photovoltaic technology.
Perovskite solar cells employing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a hole transport layer on top of methylammonium lead halide are reported, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 11% and a 6% stabilized power output. An atomic layer deposition assisted interface architectural approach is adopted to fabricate the n–i–p perovskite/PEDOT devices. The results present a promising next step toward efficient low‐cost perovskite‐based photovoltaic technology.
Perovskite materials are drawing tremendous interest for photovoltaic solar cell applications, but are hampered by intrinsic material and device instability issues. Such issues can arise from ...environmental influences as well as from the chemical incompatibility of the perovskite layer with charge transport layers and electrodes used in the device stack. Several attempts have been made to address the instability issue, mostly concentrating on the substitution of the organic cations in the perovskite lattice, and on alternatives for the organic charge extraction layers, without laying much emphasis on stabilising the existing, conventional high efficiency methylammonium lead iodide/spiro-OMeTAD based devices. To address the latter issue, we utilized atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a straightforward and soft deposition process to conformally deposit Al
2
O
3
on top of the perovskite absorber. An ultra-thin ALD Al
2
O
3
film effectively protects the perovskite layer while it is sufficiently thin enough to provide a tunnel contact. The fabricated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit superior device performance with a stabilised power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18%, a significant reduction in hysteresis loss, and enhanced long-term stability (beyond 60 days) as a function of the unencapsulated storage time in ambient air, under humidity conditions ranging from 40 to 70% at room temperature. PCE measurements after 70 days of humidity exposure show that the devices incorporating 10 cycles of ALD Al
2
O
3
could significantly retard the humidity-induced degradation thereby retaining about 60-70% of its initial PCE, while that of the reference devices drops to a remaining 12% of their initial PCE. This work successfully addresses and tackles the problem of the hybrid organic-inorganic IV-halide perovskite solar cell's instability in a humid environment, and the key findings pave the way to the upscaling of these devices.
An ultra-thin ALD Al
2
O
3
architected at the CH
3
NH
3
PbI
3−
δ
Cl
δ
/Spiro-OMeTAD interface reduces hysteresis loss and stabilizes perovskite devices against humidity.
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