Exacerbations of COPD Viniol, Christian; Vogelmeier, Claus F
European respiratory review,
03/2018, Letnik:
27, Številka:
147
Journal Article
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. While COPD is a mainly chronic disease, a substantial number of patients suffer from exacerbations. Severe ...exacerbations are related to a significantly worse survival outcome. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different aspects of COPD exacerbations. The impact of risk factors and triggers such as smoking, severe airflow limitation, bronchiectasis, bacterial and viral infections and comorbidities is discussed. More severe exacerbations should be treated with β-agonists and anticholinergics as well as systemic corticosteroids. Antibiotic therapy should only be given to patients with presumed bacterial infection. Noninvasive ventilation is indicated in patients with respiratory failure. Smoking cessation is key to prevent further COPD exacerbations. Other aspects include choice of pharmacotherapy, including bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, long-term antibiotics and mucolytics. Better education and self-management as well as increased physical activity are important. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination is recommended. Treatment of hypoxaemia and hypercapnia reduce the rate of COPD exacerbations, while most interventional bronchoscopic therapies increase exacerbation risk within the first months after the procedure.
This randomized trial compared a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) plus a glucocorticoid with a LABA plus a long-acting muscarinic antagonist for preventing exacerbations of chronic obstructive ...pulmonary disease. The exacerbation rate was lower with the latter treatment.
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with an accelerated decline in lung function,
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impaired quality of life,
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hospitalization,
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and increased mortality.
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COPD exacerbations are costly to health care systems.
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Thus, prevention of exacerbations is a key goal in the management of COPD.
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Inhaled long-acting bronchodilators not only control symptoms but also prevent COPD exacerbations.
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Inhaled glucocorticoids are also known to reduce the frequency of exacerbations and have been studied in combination with inhaled long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs).
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In one trial, the combination of a LABA plus an inhaled glucocorticoid (salmeterol–fluticasone) in fixed doses and . . .
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has raised many questions about the management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and whether ...modifications of their therapy are required. It has raised questions about recognizing and differentiating coronavirus disease (COVID-19) from COPD given the similarity of the symptoms. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Science Committee used established methods for literature review to present an overview of the management of patients with COPD during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear whether patients with COPD are at increased risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2. During periods of high community prevalence of COVID-19, spirometry should only be used when it is essential for COPD diagnosis and/or to assess lung function status for interventional procedures or surgery. Patients with COPD should follow basic infection control measures, including social distancing, hand washing, and wearing a mask or face covering. Patients should remain up to date with appropriate vaccinations, particularly annual influenza vaccination. Although data are limited, inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, roflumilast, or chronic macrolides should continue to be used as indicated for stable COPD management. Systemic steroids and antibiotics should be used in COPD exacerbations according to the usual indications. Differentiating symptoms of COVID-19 infection from chronic underlying symptoms or those of an acute COPD exacerbation may be challenging. If there is suspicion for COVID-19, testing for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered. Patients who developed moderate-to-severe COVID-19, including hospitalization and pneumonia, should be treated with evolving pharmacotherapeutic approaches as appropriate, including remdesivir, dexamethasone, and anticoagulation. Managing acute respiratory failure should include appropriate oxygen supplementation, prone positioning, noninvasive ventilation, and protective lung strategy in patients with COPD and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients who developed asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 should be followed with the usual COPD protocols. Patients who developed moderate or worse COVID-19 should be monitored more frequently and accurately than the usual patients with COPD, with particular attention to the need for oxygen therapy.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently a leading cause of death worldwide, and its burden is expected to rise in the coming years. Common COPD symptoms include dyspnea, cough ...and/or sputum production. Some patients may experience acute worsening of symptoms (known as an exacerbation), and therefore require additional therapy. Exacerbations are mainly triggered by respiratory infections and environmental factors. Healthcare professionals face many challenges in COPD management, including the heterogeneity of the disease and under-reporting of symptoms. The authors review these challenges and provide recommendations for the best methods to assess COPD. The goals of COPD treatment include recognising the impact that both symptoms and exacerbations have on patients’ lives when considering optimal patient-focused management. The review discusses the need for COPD management strategies to include both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches and provides recommendations for monitoring treatment outcomes and adjusting management strategies accordingly. Novel treatment strategies including precision medicine and point-of-care testing are also discussed.
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•Challenges of COPD management include disease heterogeneity and under-diagnosis.•The best available tools should be used for COPD diagnosis and assessment.•Optimal management of COPD includes recognizing both symptoms and exacerbations.•Both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment strategies should be considered.•Novel strategies (e.g. precision medicine, point-of-care testing) may be of value.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report (GOLD) has published the complete 2023 GOLD report, which can be freely downloaded from its web page a "pocket guide" and a ..."teaching slide set". It contains important changes compared to earlier versions, and incorporates 387 new references. Here, Agusti et al present an executive summary of this GOLD 2023 report that summarizes aspects that are relevant from a clinician's perspective and updates evidence published since the prior executive summary in 2017.
Post hoc analyses suggest that blood eosinophils have potential as a predictive biomarker of inhaled corticosteroid efficacy in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
We ...prospectively investigated the value of blood eosinophils as a predictor of responsiveness to an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β
-agonist combination versus a long-acting β
-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist combination for exacerbation prevention.
We conducted prespecified analyses of data from the FLAME (Effect of Indacaterol Glycopyronium vs Fluticasone Salmeterol on COPD Exacerbations) study, which compared once-daily long-acting β
-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist indacaterol/glycopyrronium 110/50 μg with twice-daily long-acting β
-agonist/inhaled corticosteroid salmeterol/fluticasone combination 50/500 μg in patients with one or more exacerbations in the preceding year. Subsequent post hoc analyses were conducted to address further cutoffs and endpoints.
We compared treatment efficacy according to blood eosinophil percentage (<2% and ≥2%, <3% and ≥3%, and <5% and ≥5%) and absolute blood eosinophil count (<150 cells/μl, 150 to <300 cells/μl, and ≥300 cells/μl). Indacaterol/glycopyrronium was significantly superior to salmeterol/fluticasone for the prevention of exacerbations (all severities, or moderate or severe) in the <2%, ≥2%, <3%, <5%, and <150 cells/μl subgroups, and at no cutoff was salmeterol/fluticasone superior to indacaterol/glycopyrronium. Furthermore, the rate of moderate or severe exacerbations did not increase with increasing blood eosinophils. The incidence of pneumonia was higher in patients receiving salmeterol/fluticasone than indacaterol/glycopyrronium in both the <2% and ≥2% subgroups.
Our prospective analyses indicate that indacaterol/glycopyrronium provides superior or similar benefits over salmeterol/fluticasone regardless of blood eosinophil levels in patients with COPD. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01782326).
In patients with moderate to very severe COPD and a blood eosinophil count of 220 cells per cubic millimeter or greater, treatment with benralizumab, an anti–interleukin-5 receptor antibody ...(administered at doses similar to or higher than those used for severe asthma) did not change the rate of COPD exacerbations.
The COVID-19 pandemic confronted the medical community worldwide with numerous challenges, not only with respect to medical care, but also for teaching the next generation of physicians. To minimize ...the risk of infections patient-unrelated classes can be held digitally. Here we present a student initiated, web-based teaching approach, called “From symptom to diagnosis”. In this seminar case reports of rare diseases were presented to the audience in a symptom-focused manner. The patients´ most significant symptoms were presented, followed by an in-depth discussion about differential diagnosis. First glance diagnosis pictures were shown to improve students´ ability to identify important clinical scenarios. We used chat functions as well as an audience response system to make the seminar more interactive. By this we attracted between 71 and 147 participants per session. The online seminar was very well perceived and 97% of the students saw an improvement of their diagnostic skills. In summary, we successfully established an interactive, web-based teaching format for medical students.
World COPD Day 2022: your lungs for life Agusti, Alvar; Vogelmeier, Claus F.
American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology,
11/2022, Letnik:
323, Številka:
5
Journal Article
In this randomized trial, dupilumab resulted in a lower annualized rate of exacerbations than placebo among patients with COPD and an elevated blood eosinophil count.
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