Income and expenditure books were kept on the Valpovo manor, which the paper analyzes for the period from the fiscal year of 1724/25 until 1759. In those years, the income and expenditure ledgers ...also included data on the financing of healthcare on the estate. For three and a half decades, the activities of local surgeons, as well as those from Osijek and other, unknown locations were financed from the manor treasury. For 35 years there were no surgeons on the manor. The manor covered the costs of healthcare for its officials, as well as its subjects and the local friars. People were often injured during brigand raids or while performing various services on the estate, but the manor even covered the costs of curing those injured while performing agricultural work on their own land, or on allodial farms.
U knjižnici Samostana sv. Antuna Padovanskog u Našicama čuva se popis krizmanika našičke župe iz 1777. godine. Popis krizmanika uvezan je, vjerojatno u vrijeme uređenja knjižnice 1987., u Matičnu ...knjigu vjenčanih župe Našice (1717.-1787.). Matična knjiga čuva se u trezoru samostanske knjižnice među Zapisnicima naredbi provincijala Franjevačke provincije sv. Ivana Kapistrana.
Premda se autori u radu osvrću na sve komorske popise do sredine 18. stoljeća (popisi iz 1698., 1722., 1728., 1736. i 1749.), kao i na kartografiju koja je prethodila najvažnijem kartografskom ...izvoru, dovršenom 1733. u formi atlasa, usredotočuju se na analizu komorskoga popisa iz 1728. i navedeni atlas kao izvore iz približno istoga vremena, obilježenog transformacijom jednoga velikog područja iz državnoga vlasništva (komorskoga okruga) u privatno vlasništvo (vlastelinstvo). Na osnovi tih izvora, koji se dopunjavaju, nastoje dati širu sliku stanja jednoga slavonsko-srijemskoga vlastelinskoga gospodarstva prve polovine 18. stoljeća u trenutku njegova stvaranja, tim više što zbog nepostojanja odgovarajućih kartografskih izvora to nije moguće ni za jedno drugo vlastelinstvo. Osim osnovnih podataka kao što su broj i veličina naselja, zastupljenost pojedinih kategorija zemljišnih površina, demografsko i imovinsko stanje i sl., analizom i usporedbom također se nastoji utvrditi relevantnost i vjerodostojnost obaju izvora te podudarnost i različitost sadržaja primjenom deskriptivnih i kvantitativnih metoda.
Based on the chamber census of 1728 and Frast’s maps of the noble manor of Vukovar from 1733, the authors have reached conclusions on the socio-economic situation of the newly created Vukovar estate using quantitative methods. The analysis of the Chamber census from 1728 shows the state of economy on the future manor (farming, livestock breeding, and viticulture). Significant differences have been observed in the economic development of different settlement categories (city, marketplace, village). At the current level of research, it has not been possible to conclude whether these differences were caused by the urbanization of Vukovar, which became the seat of the noble manor, and later also of the newly created Syrmian County, or by some other process. The Chamber census allows us to determine the amount of tax burden, as well as the manorial income on the basis of which the Palace Chamber determined the value of the future manor and the amount that the new owner had to pay into the treasury of the Palace Chamber for the ownership right of the female line of the Küffstein family.
Based on the chamber census of 1728 and Frast’s maps of the noble manor of Vukovar from 1733, the authors have reached conclusions on the socio-economic situation of the newly created Vukovar estate ...using quantitative methods. The analysis of the Chamber census from 1728 shows the state of economy on the future manor (farming, livestock breeding, and viticulture). Significant differences have been observed in the economic development of different settlement categories (city, marketplace, village). At the current level of research, it has not been possible to conclude whether these differences were caused by the urbanization of Vukovar, which became the seat of the noble manor, and later also of the newly created Syrmian County, or by some other process. The Chamber census allows us to determine the amount of tax burden, as well as the manorial income on the basis of which the Palace Chamber determined the value of the future manor and the amount that the new owner had to pay into the treasury of the Palace Chamber for the ownership right of the female line of the Küffstein family.
The city of Osijek was awarded the Magistrate Instruction by the Caraffa Commission, which enabled the city to develop into the administrative and economic centre of Slavonia under the Chamber’s ...jurisdiction. With the implementation of this document, the citizens were exempted from commitments of inferior status and were free to engage in economic activities. At the end of the first decade of the 18th century the construction of the Osijek fortress started; the works continued throughout the second decade and ended at the beginning of the third decade of the century and thus the city also became the seat of the military command of the Slavonian Military Frontier. The exemption from commitments due to their inferior status enabled the citizens to focus on personal economic activities, i.e. the development of their own economy. Some of the citizens were engaged in trade activities. Hence, they decided to purchase or sell merchandise in nearby but also distant locations such as Buda or Bratislava. In 1716 the merchants from Osijek came with their merchandise 20 times to the customs clearance, i.e. customs control, and the following year 15 times. In 1716 the Buda customs office was visited by 14 and in the following year by 10 merchants. The merchants from Osijek delivered mainly textile products (textiles, thread, hemp fibre, Hungarian caps, bed linen, dresses) to the Buda customs and to a much smaller extent various merchandise such as spices (pepper, cloves and ginger), various types of fish, sugar, pigs, millstones, flour, glue, cheese, spelt groats, tin, frankincense, alum, paper, sulphur, brandy and boats. A large part of the goods consisted of purchases from Bratislava where the Osijek merchants paid the thirtieth (tax). The most outstanding Osijek merchants at the Buda customs were Joannes Peacsevics (Piacsovicsa), Gregorius Nicolantin (Nicolandy), Stephanus Stoigics (Stekics, Stegics) and to a lesser extent Jacobus Vergics (Veridics). The greatest part of the merchandise for customs clearance, i.e. customs control, was delivered by these four merchants.
Temelji moderne šumarske znanosti i struke u Hrvatskoj (preporodno razdoblje) postavljeni su tijekom 19. stoljeća. U relativno kratkom vremenu tijekom druge polovine 19. stoljeća osnovano je ...Hrvatsko-slavonsko šumarsko društvo (1846), pokrenut je Šumarski list (1877), osnovano Gospodarsko-šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima (1860), usvojen Zakon o šumama za cijelu Austro-Ugarsku Monarhiju (1852), proveden „Zakon o imovnih općina u hrvatskoj i slavonskoj vojnoj Krajini“ (1873) i započela je s radom Šumarska akademija na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu (1898). Razdoblje je obilježeno i pojavom većeg broja stručno obrazovanih šumarskih stručnjaka koji su višu i visoku šumarsku naobrazbu stjecali u šumarskim učilištima u Hrvatskoj (Križevci) ili drugim europskim centrima. Među njima posebno se ističe Antun (Ante) Tomić rođen 1803. godine u Vinkovcima čije je djelovanje obilježilo sve nabrojane događaje u 19. stoljeću, a važne za hrvatsko šumarstvo. Iako se o djelovanju Antuna Tomića već pisalo i ranije (npr. Nenadić, Kerstenčanek, Piškorić i drugi) 220 godišnjica njegova rođenja dobar je povod za osvježiti sjećanje na Tomićev doprinos šumarskoj struci i hrvatskoj domovini. Prema tome cilj u ovom radu je prikazati Tomićevo djelovanje u kontekstu suvremenih izazova šumarske znanosti i struke. Antun Tomić završio je trogodišnje obrazovanje u Mariabrunnskom (Beč) šumarskom učilištu te je nakon vježbeništva obavljao odgovorne funkcije carsko-kraljevskog nadšumara u nizu pukovnija Vojne krajine. Paralelno se bavio znanstvenim radom te je iznio niz promišljanja o normalnoj drvnoj zalihi, razvoju šuma, modela uređivanja šuma i osiguranju potrajnosti šuma. Autor je organizacijskih reformi u šumarstvu Vojne krajine („Naputku za izlučenje imovno-obćinskih šuma u Krajini“ iz 1871. godine), osnivač i prvi predsjednik Hrvatskog šumarskog društva te vrstan šumarski stručnjak i znanstvenik koji svoje opsežno radno iskustvo pretače u primjenjive znanstvene radove iz gotovo svih područja šumarstva. Poveznica u svim radovima je očuvanje šuma te uspostava normaliteta i kroz normalitet potrajnost gospodarenja. Pri tome istančan Tomićev osjećaj za prirodnost očituje se u traženju preciznije prostorne stratifikacije šuma, preciznijeg utvrđivanja prirasta šume, fleksibilnijeg definiranja etata, većeg ulaganja u zaštitu i njegu šuma (posebno na narušenom (npr. krškom) staništu, a sve u cilju osiguranja potrajnosti gospodarenja šumama. Tomić sve nabrojane postavke uokviruje u svoju racionalnu metodu uređivanja šuma, tada vrlo naprednu kombiniranu metodu koja uvažava stvarno stanje i mogućnosti šuma. Pogledi Antuna Tomića na šumarstvo u temeljima su suvremene hrvatske šumarske struke, a težnja za uspostavom prostorno-vremenskog i strukturnog normaliteta šuma, time i potrajnost gospodarenja njima, trajan su izazov i cilj.
The foundations of modern forest science and practice in Croatia (revival period) were laid during the 19th century. In a relatively short time during the second half of the 19th century, the Croatian-Slavonic Forestry Society was founded (1846), the Forestry Journal was launched (1877), the Economic Forestry School in Križevci was established (1860), the Forestry Act was adopted for the whole Austro- Hungarian Monarchy (1852), the "Act on Property Municipalities in the Croatian and Slavonic Military Krajina" was implemented (1873) and the work of the Forestry Academy at the University of Zagreb began (1898). The period was also marked by the appearance of many professionally educated forestry experts who received higher education in forestry schools in Croatia (Križevci) or other European centres. Among others, Antun (Ante) Tomić, born in 1803 in Vinkovci, played an outstanding role. His activities marked all the listed events, important for Croatian forestry in the 19th century. Although about Ante Tomić's work it has been written before (e.g. Nenadić, Kerstenčanek, Piškorić and others), the 220th anniversary of his birth is a good incentive to refresh the memory of Tomić's contribution to the forestry profession and to the Croatian homeland. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to present Tomić's activities in the context of contemporary challenges of forestry science and profession. Antun Tomić completed a three-year education at the Mariabrunn (Vienna) Forestry College in 1824, and after his internship, he held the responsible functions as the Imperial-Royal Chief Forester in a number of regiments of the Military Frontier. At the same time, he engaged in scientific work and presented a series of reflections on normal growing stock, forest development, forest management models and ensuring the sustainability of forests. He is the author of the organizational reforms in the forestry of the Military Frontier ("Instructions for the demarcation of estate-community forests in the Krajina" from 1871), the founder and the first president of the Croatian Forestry Society, and an excellent forestry scientist who translated his extensive work experience into applicable scientific works from almost all forestry disciplines. The common feature in all his works is the forests conservation and the establishment of normality, and through normality reaching sustainable management. At the same time, Tomić's keen sense for close-to-nature forestry is manifested in the search for a more precise spatial stratification of forests, more precise forest growth measurement, more flexible definition of allowed harvest volume, greater investment in the conservation and care of forests (especially in disturbed (e.g. karst) habitats). All those ideas, aimed at ensuring the sustainable management of Croatian forests, Tomić framed in his rational method of forest management, which was a very advanced combined method that takes the actual condition and possibilities of forests into account. Antun Tomić's views on forestry are the foundations of the modern Croatian forestry profession, and the aspiration to establish the spatiotemporal and structural normality of forests. Therefore, the sustainability of forest management stays a permanent challenge and goal.
The author strove to present developments in education in the last decades of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century using data from canonical visitation reports of the Pécs and the ...Bosnian-Đakovo and Syrmian Dioceses, information from the archives of the Franciscan Monastery of St. Anthony of Padua in Našice, published archival minutes of Slavonian Franciscan and other monasteries, as well as information on educational institutions, teachers and teaching staff from schematisms published in Zagrabiense Calendarium from 1786 to 1847. Moreover, based on the sources mentioned, the author presented factors that positively or negatively influenced developments in education within the mentioned time frame.
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