This paper results from an analysis of tithe lists in the area of Našice (individual and collective lists for towns and villages, collective lists for districts) in the period from 1701-1730, as well ...as two chamber lists of Našice’s nobility, with the aim of determining the amount of wheat produced in this area. The author has used the data on the number of households that paid the tithe in wheat, taken from the individual tithe lists, to determine the amount of wheat grown on the cultivated fields in the rest of the given period. An analysis of the sample size has made it possible to estimate the trends in the size of the crop, whereby the deficiency of such speculations has been clearly indicated. The analysis of the sample has shown decline in the cultivation of wheat over twenty years within the given period, which was somewhat slower in the lowlands. A further analysis of the number of wheat crosses has indicated their decline in the given period, which leads to the conclusion, with regard to the area of the field that had to be cropped in order to create one cross, that the size of the cultivated fields diminished as well. Wheat production fluctuated greatly during the first three decades of the 18th century. In the first half of the given period, the harvest was far smaller than in the second half. Despite these changes in the production size, one can generally presume that most households could barely secure food for their family members from their own production, let alone obtain enough seed for the following year.
U Hrvatskom državnom arhivu, u fondu Acta urbarialia et conscriptiones bonorum, u fasciklu broj 132, čuva se komorski popis našičkog okruga iz 1723. godine, koji je nastao u svibnju 1723. u Požegi.1 ...U fasciklu 132 postoje dva popisa s brojem 28, koji se znatno razlikuju. Naime, jedan popis je koncept koji je očito nastao tijekom izvršenja popisa (to je u fondu drugi popis, stranice 125-162), a drugi popis je čistopis koncepta (u fondu je to prvi popis, stranice 88-124), odnosno original koji se razlikuje u načinu pisanja pojedinih sela, toponima, redoslijedu pojedinih riječi, upotrebi pojedinih izraza (npr. cedunt - cadunt) te u brojčanim podacima popisivanih dobara. Priređujući ovaj popis, odlučili smo se prirediti čistopis jer smo smatrali da je on nastao nakon povratka s terena te da su u taj tekst uneseni ispravci pogrešaka nastalih tijekom obavljanja popisa.
The authors have endavoured to present the characteristics of trading activities registered by the Brod Thirtieth Custom Office, in Brod and its surrounding area, as well as partly in other parts of ...the Habsburg Monarchy from November 19, 1719 to the end of June 1721. based on data from the Register of the Brod Thirtieth Custom Office.
In this paper the author has striven to present the production of wheat, barley and oats in the district of Osijek during the period from 1707 to 1712. He has accentuated the methodological ...inadequacies in the analysis of data drawn from the list of the tithes of the Osijek district during the mentioned period of time. By applying quantitative methods the author endeavoured to determine the yields of wheat, barley and oats of that period of time. In doing so he managed to determine oscillations in the production as well as in the average production of the mentioned cereals per household. By using the division of the district of Osijek used by tithe registers the author also ascertained that most of the cereals were produced in the eastern and central part and smaller amounts in the western part of the district. Dividing the households in two groups, according to production quantities, he determined differences in portion of both household categories, in the quantity of the total output as well as in the average production per household.
The production of wheat, barley and oats in the district of Osijek declined and at the end of the six-year period it was lower than at the beginning of that period. During that period the production of all three grains, however, increased in 1710 and 1711, although insuffi ciently to reduce the consequences of such a situation during the years of lower yields.
The inhabitants of the western part of the district produced the smallest amountsof wheat, barley and oats. That area also provided the smallest average amounts of all cereals per household. The current state of research makes it impossible to determine the reasons for such an occurrence. Indeed, during the entire six-year period, that area was the area with the lowest number of households. The households of the central and eastern part of the district produced quite equal amounts of wheat. The greatest amounts of barley were produced by the inhabitants of the central part of the district, while oats were reaped in the central and eastern part.
The author discusses some of the statistical methods that may be used to obtain new knowledge and contribute towards the study of the economic history of Slavonian estates and, more widely, Slavonia ...in the late seventeenth and the first halfof the eighteenth centuries. By comparing data acquired from sources of different types and using a variety of quantitative methods, one may be able to acquire information that throws new light upon the economic history of Slavonia. Of course, while using certain quantitative methods scholars may also encounter problems that arise from the ways in which studied sources were produced. Archival sources from the late seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth
century come from a ‘pre-statistical’ era, which hinders a good-quality use of statistical methods. Furthermore, certain quantitative methods, such as fixedbase index, cannot be used because of the lack of archival documents. Registers of personal names are difficult to analyze as the same individuals are occasionally listed under different names. Nonetheless, the use of certain quantitative methods has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge in the study of the economic history of Slavonia in the
late seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth centuries. For instance, measures of central tendency make possible an assessment of economic progress over a long time period. One should, however, should keep in mind that arithmetic mean has its drawbacks caused by the quality of information obtained from sources (for example: the number of households without the cattle numbers or
the number of arable fields under cultivation). Standard deviation, as a statistical measure, could be used as an indicator of social stratification over a certain time-period. This statistical measure too has its drawbacks as it is not possible to determine the arithmetic mean for all of the Slavonian estates—and therefore it is not possible to find out the standard deviation for all the estates, that is, all of
Slavonia. Yet by grouping data into categories (one criterion may be the number of horses) scholars could use this method to evaluate social stratification. Using data visualization tools, the author presents the results of regression analysis. By drawing a straight line through the arithmetic mean of the fields under cultivation and the arithmetic mean of the number of oxen, the author has been able to show the ability of the population to cultivate the arable land in their possession. All the problems arising from the poor quality of archival sources nothwithstanding, the use of these quantitative methods makes possible the acquisition of new knowledge, throwing new light upon a variety of phenomena found in economic history.
The authors have edited the transcription of an offi cial report on the situation in the
Požega Valley that was composed by the royal tricesimator Andrija Labos and the
noble judge Franjo Pavić ...during the activities of the Caraffa commission in 1698.
The report is preserved in the Finance and Court Chamber Archive in the fund of the
Court Finance of Hungary in folder r. No. 388, fol. 1-108. The introductory text gives
a brief description of the social conditions in which the report was created. Textual
characteristics of the report and the methods used in the transcription are presented.
The authors have drawn attention to certain errors in the report that have remained
uncorrected for the sake of authenticity.
The organization of the chamber administration in Slavonia began after Slavonia’s liberation from the Ottoman rule in 1961. At first the organization of chamber administration proceeded at a slow ...pace, since the war with the Ottoman Empire was still in progress and the military needs were given precedence. After the Christian army won the Battle of Senta in 1697, the organization of chamber administration in Slavonia sped up and the chamber commission with Count Carl Ferdinand Caraffa di Stigliano at the helm was sent to Slavonia. At the same time the establishment of church organization began in this territory, resulting in a clash between the Diocese of Zagreb and the Diocese of Bosnia over the Slavonian parishes, which ended in 1699 with the decision of the court commission in Györ that fixed the border between the two dioceses. The Diocese of Pécs got involved in the battle for Slavonian parishes only after the Györ trial, even though it had the greatest right to them. The Court Chamber, on the other hand, felt the tithe to be the state’s income, since Slavonia was conquered by arms. Chamber officials thus started collecting the
tithe after the liberation from the Ottoman rule and transporting it to storehouses in Osijek, Brod, and Gradiška. In the 1720s the Bishop of Pécs managed to assert his right to collect the Great Tithe in Slavonia. After the peasant uprising in Slavonia was quelled in 1735, the Court in Vienna sent Hamilton’s commission to Slavonia to identify the causes of the uprising and suggest solutions to the problems they find.Tithe collection was one of the important problems. A conference was convened in Vienna in 1737, concluding that the Slavonian manor lords had no right to collect the tithe, while the bishops were entitled to collect the Great Tithe, but not the Little Tithe. King Charles III (VI) prohibited the manor lords from collecting the tithe and allowed the bishops to collect the Great Tithe, forbidding them to collect the Little Tithe before they proved their right to this tax. In spite of the regulation on the church tithe by Charles’ Urbarium, the Bishop of Pécs strove to gain the right to collect the little tithe as well. A temporary Slavonian urbarium again forbade the bishops to collect the little tithe until they proved their right to this tax. The issue of tithe collection was only solved in 1761 at a meeting of manor representatives and bishops, where they reached an agreement about tithe collection rights.
Autor je u radu prikazao zdravstvenu skrb na valpovačkom vlastelinstvu na temelju zapisa u vlastelinskim knjigama prihoda i rashoda tijekom prvih desetljeća postojanja vlastelinstva. Analizirajući ...podatke zabilježene u vlastelinskim knjigama prihoda i rashoda, nastojao je utvrditi pružatelje i korisnike zdravstvene skrbi, karakteristike zdravstvene skrbi i kretanje visine troškova za pružanje zdravstvene skrbi. Pritom je nastojao utvrditi biografije pojedinih pružatelja zdravstvene skrbi (ranarnika). Isto je tako nastojao na temelju analize visine troškova pojedinih kategorija zdravstvene skrbi utvrditi opseg pruženoga zdravstvenog tretmana. Autor je također nastojao aktivnosti vlasnika posjeda i njegovih službenika u organiziranju zdravstvene skrbi na vlastelinstvu staviti u kontekst državne politike stvaranja javnozdravstvene službe tijekom 18. stoljeća.
Dugotrajni rat između Habsburške Monarhije i Osmanskog Carstva rezultirao je povlačenjem lokalnog stanovništva u okolne šume, odnosno napuštanjem ovog područja te odlaskom u Hrvatsku, odnosno preko ...Save i Dunava u Bosnu i Srbiju. Poslije oslobođenja Slavonije od osmanske vlasti krajem 1691. godine, društvene prilike u Požeškoj kotlini, kao i u drugim dijelovima Slavonije, bile su loše što nije pogodovalo bržem povratku nekadašnjeg te naseljavanju novog stanovništva. Stoga je krajem 17. stoljeća i početkom 18. stoljeća Požeška kotlina bila slabo naselja. Na ovom području krajem 17. stoljeća u većini naselja živjelo je maksimalno 10 kućanstava u kojima je prosječno živjelo 18 odraslih muškaraca. Poboljšanje društvenih prilika rezultiralo je početkom 18. stoljeća jačanjem naseljenosti što je vidljivo i u povećanju broja kućanstava u naseljima, povećanom broju odraslih muškaraca te prosječnom broju odraslih muškaraca po kućanstvu.
Stanovništvo je krajem 17. i početkom 18. stoljeća obrađivalo vlastite oranice volovima. Većina kućanstava nije imala dovoljno volova za samostalno obrađivanje vlastitih oranica. U ovom razdoblju samo je oko 0,5% svih kućanstava imalo dovoljno volova za samostalno obrađivanje oranica. Stoga su kućanstva morala međusobno posuđivati volove. Međutim, krajem 17. stoljeća veći broj naselja nije imao dovoljno volova ni zajedničko uprezanje volova u jedan plug. Početkom 18. stoljeća situacija se poboljšala jer su sada u većini naselja stanovnici mogli zajedno upreći barem jedan plug.
Krajem 17. i početkom 18. stoljeća kućanstva s ispodprosječnim i iznadprosječnim brojem odraslih muškaraca su se imala problema s manjkom volova. Naime, razlika između prosječnog broja volova u obje kategorije kućanstava bila je prilična zanemariva. Naravno, kućanstva s iznadprosječnim brojem odraslih muškaraca mogla su nedostatak volova nadomjestiti većim brojem radne snage, ali kućanstva s ispodprosječnim brojem teško su mogli nadoknaditi manjak volova.
Obje kategorije kućanstava obrađivale su krajem 17. i početkom 18. stoljeća očito maksimalne površine oranica. Doduše, kod kućanstava s iznadprosječnim brojem odraslih muškaraca povećala se početkom 18. stoljeća razlika između najmanje i najveće površine obrađenih oranica, dok je kod kućanstava s ispodprosječnim brojem odraslih muškaraca ostala ista kao i krajem 17. stoljeća.
