Among practitioners, designers and researchers, modern-day geotechnical software packages still predominantly use Mohr-Coulomb (MC) input modeling parameters, despite the immense computing power of ...today’s software and hardware. The same applies to this field of work in the State of Qatar. However, because the calculation of MC parameters for Qatari rocks has been inconsistent with varying results, this technical note aims to demonstrate the most appropriate derivation method for MC parameters. To do so, we must first obtain or estimate proper Hoek-Brown (HB) parameters, followed by an appropriate conversion method. Such an approach can remove the uncertainty and high variability of geotechnical estimations and design inputs. The technique demonstrated uses the approach of Hoek and Brown (Int J Rock Mech Sci, 34:1165–1186, 1997), presented in Appendix C. This method simulates triaxial tests using data-based estimated
m
i
values and is suitable because there are very limited valid triaxial test results for Qatari rocks.
The objective of this paper is to provide insights into the intact rock and rock mass properties of the rock formations under the city of Doha, State of Qatar. We also intend to scientifically ...clarify these properties by presenting and statistically characterizing the ranges of the parameters, and by discussing the correlations between the parameters with respect to their usage and research potential. The rock quality designation corrected (
RQD
C
) parameter is validated and a new parameter, the fracture index corrected (
FI
C
), is proposed. The significantly improved correlation between
RQD
C
and
FI
C
is demonstrated and their derivation is explained. The paper demonstrates the correlation between the rock mass estimation parameters obtained through rock face mapping and discusses the applicability of the Hoek–Brown criterion to the studied rock masses, which is found to be relevant. A discussion about how properly performed triaxial tests can directly provide the rock constant
m
i
values for all geological members is presented. Other estimation approaches for
m
i
are also validated and compared with the existing knowledge base. Data for laboratory and field intact rock and rock mass parameters are combined using equations from various authors to obtain narrow ranges for rock mass strength and rock mass elasticity modulus values. Finally, within the framework of previous studies by other authors on the low-end transition range of rocks toward soils, it is shown that only the Rus formation member is sufficiently soft and can be included in the range.
No studies are currently evaluating the quality of recovery (QoR) after open radical nephrectomy (ORN) and epidural morphine analgesia. This was a randomized, prospective, and controlled study that ...explored the QoR on the first postoperative day after ORN. Eighty subjects were randomized into two groups. The first group received general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia with morphine and ropivacaine. The second group received general anesthesia and continuous postoperative intravenous analgesia with tramadol. Both groups received multimodal analgesia with metamizole. The primary outcome measure was the total QoR-40 score. The secondary outcome measures were QoR-15, QoR-VAS, and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, anxiety, and nausea. The median difference in the QoR-40 score after 24 postoperative hours between the two groups of patients was 10 (95% CI: 15 to 5),
< 0.0001. The median score and IQR of QoR-40 during the first 24 postoperative hours in the epidural group was 180 (9.5), and in the control group, it was 170 (13). The general independence test for secondary outcomes between groups was significant (
< 0.01). QoR-VAS was correlated with QoR-40 (r = 0.63,
≤ 0.001) and with QoR-15 (r = 0.54,
≤ 0.001). The total QoR-40 and QoR-15 alpha coefficients with a 95% CI were 0.88 (0.85-0.92) and 0.73 (0.64-0.81), respectively. There was a significant difference in the QoR between the epidural and the control groups after ORN. The QoR-40 and QoR-15 showed good convergent validity and reliability.
No studies are currently regarding the quality of recovery (QoR) after open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and epidural morphine analgesia. This was a randomized, prospective, and controlled study that ...explored QoR on the first postoperative day after ORP. Sixty-one men were randomized into two groups. The first (epidural) group received general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia with morphine and ropivacaine. The second (control) group received general anesthesia and continuous postoperative intravenous analgesia with tramadol. Both groups received multimodal analgesia with metamizole. The primary outcome measure was the total QoR-40 score. Secondary outcome measures were: QoR-15, QoR-VAS and the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, anxiety and nausea. The median difference in the total QoR-40 score after 24 postoperative hours between the two groups of patients was 2 (95% CI: −3 to 8), p = 0.35. The global multivariate inference test for secondary outcomes between groups was not significant p > 0.05). QoR-VAS was correlated with QoR-40 (r = 0.69, p ≤ 0.001) and with QoR-15 (r = 0.65, p ≤ 0.001). The total QoR-40 and QoR-15 alpha coefficient with 95% CI was 0.88 (0.83-0.92) and 0.83 (0.77−0.89), respectively. There was no difference in the QoR between the epidural and the control group after ORP. The QoR-40 and QoR-15 showed good convergent validity and adequate reliability.
Nakon otpusta iz Jedinice intenzivnog liječenja 55-godišnjem bolesniku je na bolesničkom odjelu nenamjerno primijenjen enteralni pripravak intravenskim putem uslijed čega je došlo do naglog ...pogoršanja kardiorespiratornog statusa bolesnika manifestiranog tahidispnejom i preznojavanjem uz tahikardiju, hipotenziju i hipoksiju. Po ponovnom prijemu u Jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja stanje bolesnika je kroz četiri dana stabilizirano te je bolesnik otpušten dobrog općeg stanja. Liječen je oksigenoterapijom, infuzijskim otopinama uz stimulaciju diureze, antibiotskom terapijom te kortikosteroidnom terapijom uz inhibitore protonske pumpe. Stanje bolesnika nije zahtijevalo mehaničku ventilaciju kao ni vazoaktivnu potporu. Ovaj slučaj pokazuje kako je potrebna stalna edukacija zdravstvenog osoblja i strogo pridržavanje sigurnosnih protokola kako bi se ovakvi slučajevi spriječili u budućnosti.
Background
Ganglioside GM3 is found in the plasma membrane, where its accumulation attenuates insulin receptor signaling. Considering the role of skeletal muscles in insulin‐stimulated glucose ...uptake, the aim of the present study was to determine the expression of GM3 and its precursors in skeletal muscles of rat models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively).
Methods
Diabetes was induced in male Sprague‐Dawley rats by streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg, i.p., for T1DM induction; 35 mg/kg, i.p., for T2DM induction), followed by feeding of rats with either a normal pellet diet (T1DM) or a high‐fat diet (T2DM). Rats were killed 2 weeks after diabetes induction and samples of skeletal muscle were collected. Frozen quadriceps muscle sections were stained with a primary antibody against GM3 (Neu5Ac) and visualized using a secondary antibody coupled with Texas Red. The muscle content of ganglioside GM3 and its precursors was analyzed by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) followed by GM3 immunostaining.
Results
Muscle GM3 content was significantly higher in T2DM compared with control rats (P < 0.001). Furthermore, levels of the GM3 precursors ceramide, glucosylceramide, and lactosylceramide were significantly higher in T2DM compared with control rats (P < 0.05), whereas ceramide content was significantly lower in T1DM rats (P < 0.05). The intensity of the GM3 band on HPTLC was significantly higher in T2DM rats (P < 0.001) and significantly lower in T1DM rats (P < 0.05) compared with control.
Conclusions
The expression patterns of GM3 ganglioside and its precursors in diabetic rats suggest that the role of glycosphingolipid metabolism may differ between T2DM and T1DM.
摘要
背景
神经节苷脂GM3在细胞膜上表达, 它在细胞膜上积聚可以减弱胰岛素受体的信号传导。考虑到骨骼肌在胰岛素刺激后的葡萄糖摄取中所起到的作用, 本研究旨在检测GM3及其前体在1型与2型糖尿病(分别缩写为T1DM与T2DM)大鼠模型骨骼肌中的表达。
方法
雄性Sprague‐Dawley大鼠注射链脲霉素后诱导糖尿病(腹腔内注射55 mg/kg诱导T1DM;腹腔内注射35 mg/kg诱导T2DM), 然后分别用正常饲料(T1DM)或者高脂饲料(T2DM)进行饲养。诱导出糖尿病2周之后, 将大鼠处死并且收集骨骼肌样本进行实验。使用一级抗GM3抗体(Neu5Ac)对冰冻四头肌切片进行染色, 使用与德克萨斯红偶联的二级抗体显影。使用高效薄层色谱法以及GM3免疫染色法分析肌肉中神经节苷脂GM3及其前体含量。
结果
T2DM大鼠肌肉中的GM3含量显著高于对照组大鼠(P < 0.001)。此外, T2DM大鼠GM3前体神经酰胺、葡萄糖基神经酰胺以及乳糖基神经酰胺的水平也显著高于对照组大鼠(P < 0.05), 然而T1DM大鼠的神经酰胺含量却显著降低(P < 0.05)。与对照组大鼠相比, 使用高效薄层色谱法分析后发现T2DM大鼠的GM3条带强度显著增强(P < 0.001), 而T1DM大鼠中却显明显减弱(P < 0.05)。
结论
不同类型糖尿病大鼠的GM3神经节苷脂及其前体表达模式各不相同, 提示鞘糖脂代谢在T2DM与T1DM中的作用可能存在差异。
Highlights
Skeletal muscles play an important role in insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, whereas gangliosides, such as GM3, attenuate insulin receptor signaling, thus contributing to the development of insulin resistance.
Ganglioside GM3 muscle content was significantly higher in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and significantly lower in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared with control groups.
Expression of GM3 precursors was significantly higher in T2DM rats, whereas ceramide expression was significantly lower in T1DM rats compared with controls.
Abstract
Background
Ganglioside
GM3
is found in the plasma membrane, where its accumulation attenuates insulin receptor signaling. Considering the role of skeletal muscles in insulin‐stimulated ...glucose uptake, the aim of the present study was to determine the expression of
GM3
and its precursors in skeletal muscles of rat models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (
T1DM
and
T2DM
, respectively).
Methods
Diabetes was induced in male
S
prague‐
D
awley rats by streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg, i.p., for
T1DM
induction; 35 mg/kg, i.p., for
T2DM
induction), followed by feeding of rats with either a normal pellet diet (
T1DM
) or a high‐fat diet (
T2DM
). Rats were killed 2 weeks after diabetes induction and samples of skeletal muscle were collected. Frozen quadriceps muscle sections were stained with a primary antibody against
GM3
(
Neu5Ac
) and visualized using a secondary antibody coupled with
T
exas
R
ed. The muscle content of ganglioside
GM3
and its precursors was analyzed by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (
HPTLC
) followed by
GM3
immunostaining.
Results
Muscle
GM3
content was significantly higher in
T2DM
compared with control rats (
P
<
0.001). Furthermore, levels of the
GM3
precursors ceramide, glucosylceramide, and lactosylceramide were significantly higher in
T2DM
compared with control rats (
P
<
0.05), whereas ceramide content was significantly lower in
T1DM
rats (
P
<
0.05). The intensity of the
GM3
band on
HPTLC
was significantly higher in
T2DM
rats (
P
< 0.001) and significantly lower in
T1DM
rats (
P
<
0.05) compared with control.
Conclusions
The expression patterns of
GM3
ganglioside and its precursors in diabetic rats suggest that the role of glycosphingolipid metabolism may differ between
T2DM
and
T1DM
.
摘要
背景
神经节苷脂GM3在细胞膜上表达, 它在细胞膜上积聚可以减弱胰岛素受体的信号传导。考虑到骨骼肌在胰岛素刺激后的葡萄糖摄取中所起到的作用, 本研究旨在检测GM3及其前体在1型与2型糖尿病(分别缩写为T1DM与T2DM)大鼠模型骨骼肌中的表达。
方法
雄性Sprague‐Dawley大鼠注射链脲霉素后诱导糖尿病(腹腔内注射55 mg/kg诱导T1DM;腹腔内注射35 mg/kg诱导T2DM), 然后分别用正常饲料(T1DM)或者高脂饲料(T2DM)进行饲养。诱导出糖尿病2周之后, 将大鼠处死并且收集骨骼肌样本进行实验。使用一级抗GM3抗体(Neu5Ac)对冰冻四头肌切片进行染色, 使用与德克萨斯红偶联的二级抗体显影。使用高效薄层色谱法以及GM3免疫染色法分析肌肉中神经节苷脂GM3及其前体含量。
结果
T2DM大鼠肌肉中的GM3含量显著高于对照组大鼠(
P
< 0.001)。此外, T2DM大鼠GM3前体神经酰胺、葡萄糖基神经酰胺以及乳糖基神经酰胺的水平也显著高于对照组大鼠(
P
< 0.05), 然而T1DM大鼠的神经酰胺含量却显著降低(
P
< 0.05)。与对照组大鼠相比, 使用高效薄层色谱法分析后发现T2DM大鼠的GM3条带强度显著增强(
P
< 0.001), 而T1DM大鼠中却显明显减弱(
P
< 0.05)。
结论
不同类型糖尿病大鼠的GM3神经节苷脂及其前体表达模式各不相同, 提示鞘糖脂代谢在T2DM与T1DM中的作用可能存在差异。
Cilj je ovog rada prikaz bolesnika s iznimno opsežnim opeklinama svih dijelova tijela. Muškarac srednjih godina 12-ak sati prije početka bolničkog liječenja u KBC-u Split pokušao je suicid paljenjem ...plinske boce u zatvorenom prostoru, oko 150 kilometara od ustanove gdje je započeto liječenje. Eksplozija i požar kojima je pacijent bio izložen uzrokovali su opekline visokog stupnja na velikoj tjelesnoj površini. U trenutku prijma na bolničko liječenje pacijent je bio ekstremno agresivan i nesuradljiv. Važno je naglasiti da pacijent u trenutku prijma na bolničko liječenje nije imao uspostavljen venski put. U bolnicu je primljen sa znatnom odgodom (12 sati +/- 1 sat), koja je produbila dehidraciju i pogoršala njegovo, već ionako životno ugroženo stanje. Dubina opeklina
procijenjena je na stupnjeve II. b i III., a zahvaćale su 70% ukupne površine tijela (engl. Body surface area – BSA). Prvi cilj prije volumne nadoknade bila je uspostava odgovarajućega venskog puta, koji pacijent u trenutku prijma u bolnicu nije imao. Zbog agitiranosti i agresivnosti intramuskularno se injicirala kombinacija midazolama, ketamina
i atropina, a središnji venski pristup uspostavio se tek kad je pacijent bio anesteziran. Obilna nadoknada kristaloidima za vrijeme inicijalnoga trosatnog zbrinjavanja privremeno je stabilizirala bolesnika, a agresivna
nadoknada kristaloidima i koloidima nastavljena je u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja. Potrebe za kristaloidima u prva 24 sata izračunane su s pomoću Parklandske formule i iznosile su 25.200 mL kristaloida. Tijekom liječenja pacijent je šest puta podvrgnut kirurškim zahvatima uz svakodnevna previjanja u općoj anesteziji. Boravak se zakomplicirao
zbog infekcije multirezistentnim Acinetobacter baumannii. Zaključno, Parklandska formula ostaje okosnica volumne nadoknade pacijenata s opeklinama II. i III. stupnja. Odgoda liječenja, prisutna u ovom slučaju, rezultirala je enormnom dehidracijom i gubitkom intravaskularnog volumena sa svim patofiziološkim poremećajima pridruženima takvom stanju. Zbrinjavanje pacijenta bilo je dodatno otežano zbog njegove agresivnosti pri prijmu, nedostatka venskog puta i nemogućnosti započinjanja liječenja odmah ili vrlo brzo nakon nastalih opeklina.
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