Summary
Background
Up‐to‐date information regarding the recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) after eradication therapy is not available.
Aim
To evaluate the global recurrence rate ...following H. pylori eradication therapy and confirm its association with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions.
Methods
A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library was performed to identify potentially relevant publications using the following keywords: “Helicobacter pylori” or “H. pylori” or “Hp” and “recurrence” or “recrudescence” or “reinfection” or “recurrent” or “recurred” or “re‐infect*” or “relapse*.”
Results
A total of 132 studies (53 934 patient‐years) were analysed. Each study was weighted according to the duration of patient‐years. The global annual recurrence, reinfection and recrudescence rate of H. pylori were 4.3% (95% CI, 4‐5), 3.1% (95% CI, 2‐5) and 2.2% (95% CI, 1‐3), respectively. The H. pylori recurrence rate was inversely related to the human development index (HDI) (ie, 3.1% 95% CI, 2‐4, 6.2% 95% CI, 4‐8 and 10.9% 95% CI, 6‐18 in countries with a very high, high and medium or low HDI) (P <.01) and directly related to H. pylori prevalence (10.9% 95% CI, 7‐16, 3.7% 95% CI, 3‐5, 3.4% 95% CI, 2‐5 and 1.6% 95% CI, 0.5‐3 in countries with a very high, high, medium or low local H. pylori prevalence) (P <.01). Global recurrence rates remained relatively stable between 1990s, 2000s and 2010s but varied across different regions (P <.05).
Conclusions
H. pylori recurrence remains a problem closely associated with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. Methods to reduce recurrence in developing countries are needed.
Linked ContentThis article is linked to Willington and Gearry, and Roblin et al papers. To view these papers visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14370 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14385.
Abstract Previous data demonstrate that traumatic brain injury (TBI) activates autophagy, and increases microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) immunostaining mainly in neurons. However, ...the role of autophagy in traumatic brain damage remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the autophagic mechanisms participating in traumatic brain injury. The autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafliomycin A1 (BFA) were administered with a single i.c.v. injection before TBI. We first examined the protein levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 II, which have been found to promote autophagy previously. Immunoblotting analysis showed that 3-MA pretreatment reduced post-TBI Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels, and maintained p62/SQSTM1 (p62) levels. In addition, double immunolabeling showed that the increased punctate LC3-II dots colocalizing with Propidium Iodide (PI)-stained nuclei at 24 h after injury, were partially inhibited by 3-MA pretreatment. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy could reduce TBI-induced cell injury assessed with i.p. injection of PI and lesion volume, and attenuate behavioral outcome evaluated by motor test and Morris water maze. The neuroprotective effects were associated with an inhibition on TBI-induced up-regulation of LC3, Beclin-1, cathepsin B, caspase-3 and the Beclin-1/Bcl-2 ratio. Taken together, these data imply that the autophagy pathway is involved in the pathophysiologic responses after TBI, and inhibition of this pathway may help attenuate traumatic damage and functional outcome deficits.
Single-cell multiomics data continues to grow at an unprecedented pace. Although several methods have demonstrated promising results in integrating several data modalities from the same tissue, the ...complexity and scale of data compositions present in cell atlases still pose a challenge. Here, we present scJoint, a transfer learning method to integrate atlas-scale, heterogeneous collections of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data. scJoint leverages information from annotated scRNA-seq data in a semisupervised framework and uses a neural network to simultaneously train labeled and unlabeled data, allowing label transfer and joint visualization in an integrative framework. Using atlas data as well as multimodal datasets generated with ASAP-seq and CITE-seq, we demonstrate that scJoint is computationally efficient and consistently achieves substantially higher cell-type label accuracy than existing methods while providing meaningful joint visualizations. Thus, scJoint overcomes the heterogeneity of different data modalities to enable a more comprehensive understanding of cellular phenotypes.
Aims
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lactobacilli strains in preventing the recurrences of vaginal candidiasis (VC) in 78 pregnant women with VC (lactobacilli, n = 39; ...placebo, n = 39) and the potential benefits on quality of life.
Methods and Results
The lactobacilli putative probiotic (SynForU‐HerCare; two capsules/day of 9·5 log CFU per capsule) or placebo was administered for 8‐weeks in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Subjects were assessed for vaginal and gut health conditions at baseline, week‐4 and week‐8 via questionnaires. The vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire not only covered aspects pertaining to vulvovaginal symptoms but also the quality of life impacts such as emotional, social and sexual. The administration of lactobacilli reduced symptoms of irritation (P = 0·023) and discharge (P = 0·011) starting week‐4 and continued after week‐8 (P < 0·05), accompanied by reduced symptoms for burning after week‐8 (P = 0·046) as compared to the placebo. Patients consuming lactobacilli also showed reduced concern about symptoms after week‐4 (P = 0·010) and continued after week‐8 (P = 0·001), accompanied by reduced impairment of daily activities attributed to vulvovaginal symptoms (P = 0·012) and continued after week‐8 (P = 0·026). Insignificant differences were observed for sexual impacts between treatment groups. The administration of lactobacilli also reduced recurrences of both emotional and social stress as compared to the placebo at both week‐4 and week‐8 (P < 0·05). Patients consuming lactobacilli showed higher defecation times per week at week‐4 (P = 0·010) and week‐8 (P = 0·001) as compared to the placebo group, indicating the potential to reduce risks of pregnancy‐induced constipation.
Conclusions
Lactobacilli probiotics are beneficial towards pregnant women, especially in reducing vulvovaginal symptoms and recurrences of VC, accompanied by improved emotional and social distress attributed to VC.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The study demonstrated the preventive and modulatory roles of lactobacilli strains against VC in pregnant women. Taken altogether, our present data illustrated that lactobacilli probiotics are beneficial towards pregnant women, especially in reducing vulvovaginal symptoms and recurrences of VC, accompanied by improved emotional and social distress attributed to VC, thus could be a potential strategy for the maintenance of vaginal health during pregnancy.
The Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species is an invasive pest, distributed worldwide, with high ecological adaptability and thermotolerance. DNA methylation (a reversible chromatin ...modification) is one possible change that may occur within an organism subjected to environmental stress. To assess the effects of temperature stress on DNA methyltransferase 3 (Dnmt3) in MED, we cloned and sequenced BtDnmt3 and identified its functions in response to high and low temperatures. The full‐length cDNA of BtDnmt3 was 3913 bp, with an open reading frame of 1962 bp, encoding a 73.89 kDa protein. In situ hybridization showed that BtDnmt3 was expressed mainly in the posterior region. BtDnmt3 messenger RNA expression levels were significantly down‐regulated after exposure to heat shock and significantly up‐regulated after exposure to cold shock. Furthermore, after feeding on double‐stranded RNA specific for BtDnmt3, both heat resistance and cold resistance were significantly decreased, suggesting that BtDnmt3 is associated with thermal stress response and indicating a differential response to high‐ and low‐temperature stress in MED. Together, these results highlight a potential role for DNA methylation in thermal resistance, which is a process important to successful invasion and colonization of an alien species in various environments.
Rice appearance quality, including traits specifying grain dimension and endosperm chalkiness, represents a major problem in many rice-producing areas of the world. In this study, the genetic basis ...of six appearance quality traits of milled rice was dissected into quantitative trait loci (QTL) main effects, and the stability of these QTLs was assessed in a population of 66 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) across eight environments. The CSSLs showed transgressive segregation for many of the traits, and significant correlations were detected among most of the traits. Twenty-two QTLs were identified on eight chromosomes, and numerous QTLs affecting related traits were mapped in the same regions, probably reflecting pleiotropic effects. Nine QTLs, namely qGL-1,qGL-3, qGW-5,qLWR-3, qLWR-5,qPGWC-8, qPGWC-9, qACE-8, and qDEC-8, were consistently detected across the eight environments. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis showed that genotype (G) x environment (E) interaction was significant for all six traits, with the first three iPCA terms accounting for over 80% of the G x E variance. Both D(I) values and the iPCA1-iPCA2 biplots showed that the CSSLs harboring the nine QTL alleles were more stable than those carrying any of the additional 13 QTL alleles, thereby confirming their environmental stability and pointing to their appropriateness as targets for marker-assisted selection for high-quality rice varieties.
This work utilizes frustrated Lewis pairs consisting of tethered bis‐organophosphorus superbases and a bulky organoaluminum to furnish the highly efficient synthesis of well‐defined triblock ...copolymers via one‐step block copolymerization of lignin‐based syringyl methacrylate and n‐butyl acrylate, through di‐initiation and compounded sequence control. The resulting thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) exhibit microphase separation and much superior mechanical properties (elongation at break up to 2091 %, tensile strength up to 11.5 MPa, and elastic recovery up to 95 % after 10 cycles) to those of methyl methacrylate‐based TPEs. More impressively, lignin‐based tri‐BCPs can maintain TPEs properties up to 180 °C, exhibit high transparency and nearly 100 % UV shield, suggesting potential applications in temperature‐resistant and optical devices.
Di‐initiating frustrated Lewis pairs promoted compounded sequence control to achieve one‐step synthesis of the well‐defined triblock copolymers. The resulting thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) exhibit much superior mechanical properties to those of methyl methacrylate‐based TPEs and maintain TPEs properties at temperatures as high as 180 °C.
The wide application of miniaturized electronics has given rise to new demands for electromagnetic protection, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have been attracted ...widespread attention. However, most studies focus on the far-field EMI shieling of material. Herein, a facile dip-coating strategy was developed to achieve MXene/WPU composite coated non-woven fabric (MW@NWF) with both excellent near-field and far-field EMI shielding performance. The MW@NWF shows flexible and strong characteristics, and good waterproof performance. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) is up to 55 dB with the MXene content of ∼11 wt%, and the near-field shielding performance is as high as about ∼ - 50 dB in the frequency of 1–9 GHz. Moreover, MW@NWF exhibits long-term structure and performance reliability after 500 cycles of bending-release. This study provides a facile and efficient way to achieve lightweight and flexible shielding materials with high-performance of both near-field and far-field EMI shielding.
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•MW@NWF composites were fabricated by dip-coating MXene/WPU on non-woven fabric.•The MW@NWF possesses excellent near-field and far-field EMI shielding performance.•The MW@NWF can exhibit long-term structure and performance reliability.•The work offers a facile way to prepare flexible and waterproof shielding material.
Grain length in rice plays an important role in determining rice appearance, milling, cooking and eating quality. In this study, the genetic basis of grain length was dissected into six main-effect ...quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and twelve pairs of epistatic QTLs. The stability of these QTLs was evaluated in four environments using an F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between a Japonica variety, Asominori, and an Indica variety, IR24. Moreover, chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) harboring each of the six main-effect QTLs were used to evaluate gene action of QTLs across eight environments. A major QTL denoted as qGL-3a, was found to express stably not only in the isogenic background of Asominori but also in the recombinant background of Asominori and IR24 under multiple environments. The IR24 allele at qGL-3a has a positive effect on grain length. Based on the test of advanced backcross progenies, qGL-3a was dissected as a single Mendelian factor, i.e., long rice grain was controlled by a recessive gene gl-3. High-resolution genetic and physical maps were further constructed for fine mapping gl-3 by using 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers designed using sequence information from seven BAC/PAC clones and a BC4F2 population consisting of 2,068 individuals. Consequently, the gl-3 gene was narrowed down to a candidate genomic region of 87.5 kb long defined by SSR markers RMw357 and RMw353 on chromosome 3, which provides a basis for map-based cloning of this gene and for marker-aided QTL pyramiding in rice quality breeding.
Non-basal precipitates have been fabricated via alloying addition in Mg–Sn alloy to enhance the aging hardening response, while only a small number of precipitates obtained by this method contribute ...limited strengthening effect. In this work, a large number of lath-shaped Mg2Sn precipitates were produced in Mg–Sn alloy with the habit planes (HPs) purposely transformed from basal plane to prismatic plane. As a result, the strength and toughness were simultaneously enhanced. Specifically, the compressive yield strength (CYS) and compression to failure (CF) were increased by 137% and 75%, respectively. It is attributed to the appreciable impediment effect of the abundant prismatic laths on basal slip and twinning.
