Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs cause major negative environmental impacts, including emissions of the important greenhouse gas N
O. Despite their importance, shifts in terrestrial N loss pathways ...driven by global change are highly uncertain. Here we present a coupled soil-atmosphere isotope model (IsoTONE) to quantify terrestrial N losses and N
O emission factors from 1850-2020. We find that N inputs from atmospheric deposition caused 51% of anthropogenic N
O emissions from soils in 2020. The mean effective global emission factor for N
O was 4.3 ± 0.3% in 2020 (weighted by N inputs), much higher than the surface area-weighted mean (1.1 ± 0.1%). Climate change and spatial redistribution of fertilisation N inputs have driven an increase in global emission factor over the past century, which accounts for 18% of the anthropogenic soil flux in 2020. Predicted increases in fertilisation in emerging economies will accelerate N
O-driven climate warming in coming decades, unless targeted mitigation measures are introduced.
BACKGROUND: Digital treatment adherence technologies (DATs) have been recommended by the Chinese National Tuberculosis Programme since 2015. However, until now the extent to which DATs have been ...adopted in China remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to understand the current
status and future prospects of DAT use in China.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to collect data from all 2,884 county-level TB-designated institutions across China using a quantitative questionnaire and extraction of information from the Chinese TB information management
system. Data were collected between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021.RESULTS: All of the 2,884 county-level TB-designated institutions responded to the questionnaire. We found that the utilisation rate of DATs in China was 21.5% (n = 620). Among those using DATs, the uptake of
DATs among TB patients was 31.0%. Lack of financial, policy and technology support were the main barriers to adoption and scale up DATs at the institution level.CONCLUSIONS: The use of DATs is in an early stage in China; however, the number of institutions who offer DATs have increased
significantly after July 2020. To facilitate the use of DATs, the national TB programme should provide more financial, policy and technology support, and a national guideline is required.
Pharmacotherapy using natural substances can be currently regarded as a very promising future alternative to conventional therapy. With the rapid development of biotechnologies and analytical ...techniques, a great number of methods have been developed for the identification and quantification of the material, extracts, and products of natural ingredients. The advances available today. The need for safer drugs without side effects has led to the use of natural ingredients with proven safety. In recent years, some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources have attracted much attention in the field of biochemistry and pharmacology. As an example, polysaccharides or their glycoconjugates were shown to exhibit multiple biological activities including anticarcinogenic, anticoagulant, immunostimulating, antioxidant, etc. During the last several years, we have witnessed a steady expansion in the number of publications that focus in antioxidant polysaccharides. This review presents current findings on the latest advancements and trends in antioxidant polysaccharides isolated from the following: plants, fungi, bacteria, animal sources, and algae. Some interesting studies focus on investigation of the relationship between their structure and antioxidant activity, elucidation of their antioxidant mechanism at the molecular level, and improvement of their various biological activities by chemical modifications. Although the mechanism of their antioxidant action is still not completely clear, these polysaccharides are suggested to enhance cell-mediated immune responses in vivo and in vitro and act as biological response modifiers.
The microstructure significantly influences the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. Herein, we present a novel approach to tailoring the mechanical properties of a CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy ...by controlling nanotwin-HCP lamellae and annealing twins. It has been observed that the dislocations, three-dimensional nanotwins and Lomer-Cottrell locks, induced by equal channel angular pressing, synergistically strengthened the CoCrNi alloy. The nanotwin-HCP composite lamellae, induced by post-deformation annealing at 500 °C, resulted in high strength of 1.5 GPa and a strain of 4.1%. A superior combination of high strength (~ 1 GPa) and excellent ductility (~ 45%) has been obtained by further decorating the microstructure through producing annealing twins in recrystallized micro-sized grains. The present study presents the strengthening mechanisms and provides a generic approach to obtain the desirable mechanical properties of the alloys via microstructural optimization.
Magnetic topological phases of quantum matter are an emerging frontier in physics and material science. Along these lines, several kagome magnets have appeared as the most promising platforms. Here, ...we explore magnetic correlations in the kagome magnet Co
Sn
S
. Using muon spin-rotation, we present evidence for competing magnetic orders in the kagome lattice of this compound. Our results show that while the sample exhibits an out-of-plane ferromagnetic ground state, an in-plane antiferromagnetic state appears at temperatures above 90 K, eventually attaining a volume fraction of 80% around 170 K, before reaching a non-magnetic state. Strikingly, the reduction of the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) above 90 K linearly follows the disappearance of the volume fraction of the ferromagnetic state. We further show that the competition of these magnetic phases is tunable through applying either an external magnetic field or hydrostatic pressure. Our results taken together suggest the thermal and quantum tuning of Berry curvature induced AHC via external tuning of magnetic order.
Ecdysteroids, as the key growth hormones, regulate moulting, metamorphosis and reproduction in arthropods. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis is catalysed by a series of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ...(CYP450s) encoded by Halloween genes, including spook (spo), phantom (phm), disembodied (dib), shadow (sad) and shade (shd). The ecdysteroid biosynthesis in insects is clear with 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) as the main ecdysteroid. However, the information on the major ecdysteroids in arachnids is limited. In this study, Halloween genes spo, dib, sad and shd, but not phm, were identified in the pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata. Phylogenetic analysis grouped arachnid and insect Halloween gene products into two CYP450 clades, the CYP2 clan (spo and phm) and the mitochondrial clan (dib, sad, and shd). In P. pseudoannulata, the temporal expression profile of the four Halloween genes in concurrence with spiderling moulting with steady increase in the course of the 2nd instar followed by a rapid dropdown once moulting was completed. Spatially, the four Halloween genes were highly expressed in spiderling abdomen and in the ovaries of female adults. In parallel, ponasterone A (PA), but not 20E, was detected by LC–MS/MS analysis in P. pseudoannulata, and it was demonstrated as a functional ecdysteroid in the spider by accelerating of moulting with PA addition. The present study revealed the different ecdysteroid biosynthesis pathways in spiders and insects.
Four Halloween genes were identified in the spider Pardosa pseudoannulata.
The four genes have an increasing temporal expression within a moulting cycle and a specific spatial expression in abdomen and ovary.
Ponasterone A was detected and demonstrated as a functional ecdysteroid in the spider.
AbstractGlued laminated bamboo (glubam) is a type of engineered bamboo that resembles timber-based glued laminated lumber (glulam). The glubam components are made by laminating 20- to 40-mm-thick ...engineered bamboo boards; thus, the performance is determined by the quality and properties of the laminated boards. A comprehensive testing program was conducted on typical engineered bamboo boards. The experiments were performed according to the general requirements given by international standards; however, the size of specimens and loading jigs were redesigned according to the modular thickness of typical bamboo boards. Mechanical behaviors and failure modes of the specimens under 15 stress conditions are reported, along with the surface strain distribution recorded through digital image correlation (DIC). A simple design-oriented axial stress–strain model is proposed, and strength values, including the corresponding coefficient of variance (COV), are calculated and provided. A comparison of characteristic strength values between engineered bamboo and typical wood products is also given in this research.
In the study, a new triple-helix polysaccharide with favorable stability was purified from C. cornucopioides. Its structural characterization, stability and solution behavior were investigated by the ...GC–MS, periodate oxidation-smith degradation, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Scanning electron microscope, Congo-red, CD, TGA and DSC analysis. The results showed that Craterellus cornucopioide polysaccharide (CCP) possessed the molecular weight of 1.97 × 103 kDa, is mainly composed of mannose (48.73%), galactose (17.37%), glucose (15.97%) and xylose (17.93%), respectively. It was a heteroglycan with (1 → 3)‑linked‑β‑d‑Manp‑(1 → 6)‑linked α‑d‑Galp backbone distributed by (1 → 4)‑linked‑α‑d‑Xylp‑t‑α‑d‑Manp and t‑β‑d‑Glup units at O-6. The result of TGA and DSC assay indicated that CCP has a favorable thermal stability. MTT and Scanning electro microscopy (SEM) assay showed that CCP could significantly improve the proliferation activity and induce cells activation of RAW264.7 in a certain range of concentrations and period.
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•We found and investigated a novel polysaccharide from Craterellus cornucopioides.•The Conformation studies of this polysaccharide solution was studied.•The structure stability of this polysaccharide was studied.•The morphological changes of RAW264.7 cells under CCP activation was observed.
A new relativistic vortex cutter driven by the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode is carried out for the first time in three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Studies show that the electric fields ...periodically concentrate and emanate within every laser wavelength for the reflected circularly polarized LG_{p}^{l} (p=0, l=1, σ_{z}=-1) laser, which works just like a vortex cutter, resulting in a relativistic ultrashort collimated electron cluster with a constant period in space. A single particle model is given and verifies that the cluster formation has a close relation with the parameters of orbital angular momentum (l) and spin angular momentum (σ_{z}). Such a relativistic vortex cutter potentially can be applied for the accelerator, generating high-flux particle and coherent radiation sources, and so on.
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