With the deployment of more and more 5g networks, the limitations of 5g networks have been found, which undoubtedly promotes the exploratory research of 6G networks as the next generation solutions. ...These investigations include the fundamental security and privacy problems associated with 6G technologies. Therefore, in order to consolidate and solidify this foundational research as a basis for future investigations, we have prepared a survey on the status quo of 6G security and privacy. The survey begins with a historical review of previous networking technologies and how they have informed the current trends in 6G networking. We then discuss four key aspects of 6G networks – real-time intelligent edge computing, distributed artificial intelligence, intelligent radio, and 3D intercoms – and some promising emerging technologies in each area, along with the relevant security and privacy issues. The survey concludes with a report on the potential use of 6G. Some of the references used in this paper along and further details of several points raised can be found at: security-privacyin5g-6g.github.io.
Metaplastic thymoma (MT) is a very uncommon thymoma type, with biphasic differentiation as one of its histological characteristics. This histological pattern, however, can also be mistaken for type A ...thymoma and the A component in type AB thymoma.
Postoperative specimens were collected from five MT and four type A thymomas with a retrospective analysis involving immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and next-generation sequencing (NGS).
The histological morphology of the MT overlapped with that of the type A thymoma. With immunostains, the former's spindle cell components expressed vimentin and EMA, but not CD20. In MT, 3/5 cases had the nuclear expression of YAP1. The spindle cell component of the type A thymoma was found to express CD20. In all five cases of MT, FISH detection revealed YAP1-MAML2 fusion, which was not found in any type A thymoma cases. NGS sequencing confirmed YAP1-MAML2 rearrangement in all five cases of MT, and mutations in POLE and HRAS were also found in two cases, respectively. GTF2I c.74146970 T > A mutations were found in all cases of type A thymoma, and HRAS and NRAS mutations were found in two cases, but no YAP1-MAML2 rearrangement was evident.
For the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of challenging cases, the YAP1-MAML2 rearrangement and GTF2I mutation were both significant molecular events specific to MT and type A thymoma, respectively.
Highlights
The toxicity issue of lead-based halide perovskites hinders theirs large-scale commercial applications in solar cells.
A variety of non- or low-toxic perovskite materials have been used ...for development of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells, some of which show excellent optoelectronic properties and device performances.
At present, more new lead-free perovskite materials with tunable optical and electrical properties are urgently required to design highly efficient and stable lead-free perovskite solar cells.
The toxicity issue of lead hinders large-scale commercial production and photovoltaic field application of lead halide perovskites. Some novel non- or low-toxic perovskite materials have been explored for development of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This review studies the substitution of equivalent/heterovalent metals for Pb based on first-principles calculation, summarizes the theoretical basis of lead-free perovskites, and screens out some promising lead-free candidates with suitable bandgap, optical, and electrical properties. Then, it reports notable achievements for the experimental studies of lead-free perovskites to date, including the crystal structure and material bandgap for all of lead-free materials and photovoltaic performance and stability for corresponding devices. The review finally discusses challenges facing the successful development and commercialization of lead-free PSCs and predicts the prospect of lead-free PSCs in the future.
Living matter has the ability to perceive multiple stimuli and respond accordingly. However, the integration of multiple stimuli-responsiveness in artificial materials usually causes mutual ...interference, which makes artificial materials work improperly. Herein, we design composite gels with organic‒inorganic semi-interpenetrating network structures, which are orthogonally responsive to light and magnetic fields. The composite gels are prepared by the co-assembly of a photoswitchable organogelator (Azo-Ch) and superparamagnetic inorganic nanoparticles (Fe
O
@SiO
). Azo-Ch assembles into an organogel network, which shows photoinduced reversible sol-gel transitions. In gel or sol state, Fe
O
@SiO
nanoparticles reversibly form photonic nanochains via magnetic control. Light and magnetic fields can orthogonally control the composite gel because Azo-Ch and Fe
O
@SiO
form a unique semi-interpenetrating network, which allows them to work independently. The orthogonal photo- and magnetic-responsiveness enables the fabrication of smart windows, anti-counterfeiting labels, and reconfigurable materials using the composite gel. Our work presents a method to design orthogonally stimuli-responsive materials.
Most automated vehicles (AVs) are equipped with abundant sensors, which enable AVs to improve ride comfort by sensing road elevation, such as speed bumps. This paper proposes a method for estimating ...the road impulse features ahead of vehicles in urban environments with microelectromechanical system (MEMS) light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The proposed method deploys a real-time estimation of the vehicle pose to solve the problem of sparse sampling of the LiDAR. Considering the LiDAR error model, the proposed method builds the grid height measurement model by maximum likelihood estimation. Moreover, it incorporates height measurements with the LiDAR error model by the Kalman filter and introduces motion uncertainty to form an elevation weight method by confidence eclipse. In addition, a gate strategy based on the Mahalanobis distance is integrated to handle the sharp changes in elevation. The proposed method is tested in the urban environment. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
•Japonica rice protein (JRBP)-catechin (CC) covalent complexes were prepared.•The functional properties of JRBP-CC can be improved by ultrasonic-treated JRBP.•The optimal ultrasonic treatment power ...is 200 W.•JRBP-CC showed enhanced emulsifying properties and antioxidant activity.
Due to the existence of many disulfide bonds in japonica rice bran protein (JRBP) molecules, their solubility is poor, which seriously affects other functional properties. To improve the functional characteristics of JRBP molecules, they were processed by ultrasound technology, and JRBP-catechin (CC) covalent complex was prepared. The structural and functional properties of indica and japonica rice bran proteins and their complexes were compared; furthermore, the changes in the structural and functional properties of JRBP-CC under different ultrasound conditions were investigated. The results showed that compared with indica rice bran protein (IRBP), the secondary structure of JRBP-CC was very different, the water holding capacity (WHC) was higher, and the emulsification performance was better. Different ultrasound conditions had different effects on the functional properties of JRBP-CC. When the ultrasound power was 200 W, the λmax redshift of the JRBP-CC complex was the most significant, the particle size was the smallest, the absolute value of the zeta potential was the largest, and the hydrophobicity and microstructure of the JRBP-CC complex were the best. Concurrently, the maximum WHC and oil holding capacity (OHC) of JRBP-CC under these conditions were 7.54 g/g and 6.87 g/g, respectively. Moreover, the emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI) were 210 m2/g and 47.8 min, respectively, and the scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS+ were 71.96 % and 80.07 %, respectively.
Microcapsules are successfully used in various applications such as self-healing, drug delivery and military camouflage. The shells of the microcapsules based on the traditional surfactant-stabilized ...emulsion template method are often single organic materials. The surfactants generally have insufficient stability against demulsification during preparation of the microcapsules. In the present study, kaolinite was used as an emulsifier for stabilizing Pickering emulsions and subsequently as an enhancer for forming microcapsules. Kaolinite-armoured polyurea microcapsules were fabricated based on the interfacial polymerization of isophorone diisocyanate at the oil-water interfaces of kaolinite-stabilized Pickering emulsions. The prepared microcapsules with core-shell structure were spherical and exhibited good dispersibility in anhydrous ethanol. The shell thickness (∼0.5-1.0 µm) and diameter (∼20.0-160.0 µm) of kaolinite-armoured polyurea microcapsules may be tailored by varying the dosages of isophorone diisocyanate and kaolinite and the emulsifying speed of the high-shear homogenizer. Hence, the encapsulation and release performance of microcapsules may be controlled. The kaolinite particles were embedded and armoured in a polyurea matrix. The formed kaolinite-embedded and -armoured polyurea structures might prolong the release of the encapsulated lipophilic Sudan Red (III) from 20 to 45 h. The microcapsules have controllable encapsulation and release characteristics for lipophilic compounds and are cost effective, making them suitable pesticides.
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA) is proven to be a primary technique for sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication ...networks. However, the great increase in users and antennas brings challenges for interference suppression and resource allocation for mmWave massive MIMO-NOMA systems. This study proposes a spectrum-efficient and fast convergence deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based resource allocation framework to optimize user grouping and allocation of subchannel and power. First, an enhanced K-means grouping algorithm is proposed to reduce the multi-user interference and accelerate the convergence. Then, a dueling deep Q-network (DQN) structure is proposed to perform subchannel allocation, which further improves the convergence speed. Moreover, a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based power resource allocation algorithm is designed to avoid the performance loss caused by power quantization and improve the system's achievable sum-rate. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms other neural network-based algorithms in terms of convergence performance, and can achieve higher system capacity compared with the greedy algorithm, the random algorithm, the RNN algorithm, and the DoubleDQN algorithm.
Glioma stem-like cells (GSC) promote tumor generation and progression. However, the mechanism of GSC induction or maintenance is largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that the ...calcium-responsive transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells-1 (NFAT1) is activated in glioblastomas and regulates the invasion of tumor cells. In this study, we further explored the role of NFAT1 in GSC. We found that NFAT1 expression was associated with an aggressive phenotype and predicted poor survival in gliomas. Compared with normal glioma cells, NFAT1 was upregulated in GSC. NFAT1 knockdown reduced GSC viability, invasion, and self-renewal
and inhibited tumorigenesis
, whereas NFAT1 overexpression enhanced the growth and invasion of GSCs. RNA sequencing showed that NFAT1 depletion was associated with reduced neurodevelopment protein 1-like 1 (NDEL1, a potential downstream target of NFAT1) expression, whereas NFAT1 overexpression induced NDEL1 expression. In addition, NFAT1 regulated the promoter activities of NDEL1, whereas rescue of NDEL1 in NFAT1-silenced GSC partially restored tumor growth and invasion. Upregulation of NFAT1-NDEL1 signaling elevated Erk activation, increased protein levels of stemness markers in GSC, and resulted in de-differentiation of normal neuronal cells and astrocytes. Our results indicate that NFAT1 controls the growth and invasion of GSC partially through regulation of NDEL1. Targeting the NFAT1-NDEL1 axis therefore might be of potential benefit in the treatment of patients with glioma. SIGNIFICANCE: NFAT1 controls the growth and invasion of GSCs, partially by regulating NDEL1. Targeting the NFAT1-NDEL1 axis might provide opportunities in treating patients with glioma.
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