In order to reveal the characteristics of shooting techniques, this study, on the basis of bio-mechanical theory, analyzes the theoretical parameters of shot with the help of high-speed camera ...system. The parameters involving three different distances standing shot are obtained by testing 12 target objects who were U16 top male basketball players from China national team. The present work has carried out the theoretical analysis and the empirical research. The results show that the shooting distance, shooting height and shooting angle can be acquired by calculating the flight speed and flight trajectory of basketball. Under the condition of shooting at the same shooting height at a distance, the shooting angle is the key factor affecting the shooting rate.
Biparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans Luo, Shiyu; Valencia, C. Alexander; Zhang, Jinglan ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
12/2018, Letnik:
115, Številka:
51
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although there has been considerable debate about whether paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission may coexist with maternal transmission of mtDNA, it is generally believed that mitochondria ...and mtDNA are exclusively maternally inherited in humans. Here, we identified three unrelated multigeneration families with a high level of mtDNA heteroplasmy (ranging from 24 to 76%) in a total of 17 individuals. Heteroplasmy of mtDNA was independently examined by high-depth whole mtDNA sequencing analysis in our research laboratory and in two Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and College of American Pathologists-accredited laboratories using multiple approaches. A comprehensive exploration of mtDNA segregation in these families shows biparental mtDNA transmission with an autosomal dominantlike inheritance mode. Our results suggest that, although the central dogma of maternal inheritance of mtDNA remains valid, there are some exceptional cases where paternal mtDNA could be passed to the offspring. Elucidating the molecular mechanism for this unusual mode of inheritance will provide new insights into how mtDNA is passed on from parent to offspring and may even lead to the development of new avenues for the therapeutic treatment for pathogenic mtDNA transmission.
Differentiable physics is an approach that effectively combines physical models with deep learning, providing valuable information about physical systems during the training process of neural ...networks. This integration enhances the generalization ability and ensures better consistency with physical principles. In this work, we propose a framework for estimating the temperature of a permanent magnet synchronous motor by combining neural networks with the differentiable physical thermal model, as well as utilizing the simulation results. In detail, we first implement a differentiable thermal model based on a lumped parameter thermal network within an automatic differentiation framework. Subsequently, we add a neural network to predict thermal resistances, capacitances, and losses in real time and utilize the thermal parameters’ optimized empirical values as the initial output values of the network to improve the accuracy and robustness of the final temperature estimation. We validate the conceivable advantages of the proposed method through extensive experiments based on both synthetic data and real-world data and then provide some further potential applications.
In this paper, Nostoc commune crude polysaccharide was extracted by heating and Ultrasonic-assisted methods separately, homogeneous polysaccharide HNCP3 and UNCP4 were obtained after purified by ...DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephacryl G-100 gel column chromatography. The structures of HNCP3 and UNCP4 were characterized by molecular weight determination, infrared spectroscopy, DSC detection, sodium periodate oxidation, smith degradation reaction and methylation analysis. The conformation of the solution was studied by SEM and AFM. The results showed that the Ultrasonic-assisted extraction had effects on the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, molar ratio and configuration of Nostoc commune. The main chain of HNCP3 and UNCP4 was → 6)-D-Glcp(1→ and → 2, 6)-D-Glcp, but UNCP4 contained 1, 2, 6-galactose and 2, 3-Me2-D-Ara branches, while HNCP3 did not. The results of the monosaccharides composition of indicated that mannose was presented in both HNCP3 and UNCP4. SEM and AFM showed that the structure of UNCP4 was helical, and the solution conformations of HNCP3 and UNCP4 were different in different solution environments. Studies on DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging abilities showed that UNCP4 had higher antioxidant activity, while studies on the antidiabetic activities showed that the hypoglycemic effect of UNCP4 was stronger than that of HNCP3. Therefore, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) increases the bioactivity of Nostoc commune polysaccharide (NCP) as well as the extraction rate.
The genetic integrity of iPSCs is an important consideration for therapeutic application. In this study, we examine the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations in skin ...fibroblasts, blood, and iPSCs derived from young and elderly subjects (24–72 years). We found that pooled skin and blood mtDNA contained low heteroplasmic point mutations, but a panel of ten individual iPSC lines from each tissue or clonally expanded fibroblasts carried an elevated load of heteroplasmic or homoplasmic mutations, suggesting that somatic mutations randomly arise within individual cells but are not detectable in whole tissues. The frequency of mtDNA defects in iPSCs increased with age, and many mutations were non-synonymous or resided in RNA coding genes and thus can lead to respiratory defects. Our results highlight a need to monitor mtDNA mutations in iPSCs, especially those generated from older patients, and to examine the metabolic status of iPSCs destined for clinical applications.
Display omitted
•Human iPSC clones derived from elderly adults show accumulation of mtDNA mutations•Fewer mtDNA mutations are present in ESCs and iPSCs derived from younger adults•Accumulated mtDNA mutations can impact metabolic function in iPSCs
Mitalipov, Huang, and colleagues show that human iPSCs derived from older adults carry more mitochondrial DNA mutations than those derived from younger individuals. Defects in metabolic function caused by mtDNA mutations suggest careful screening of hiPSC clones for mutational load before clinical application.
Although dielectric ceramic capacitors possess attractive properties for high-power energy storage, their pronounced electrostriction effect and high brittleness are conducive to easy initiation and ...propagation of cracks that significantly deteriorate electrical reliability and lifetime of capacitors in practical applications. Herein, a new strategy for designing relaxor ferroelectric ceramics with K0.5Na0.5NbO3-core/SiO2-shell structured grains was proposed to simultaneously reduce the electric-field-induced strain and enhance the mechanical strength of the ceramics. The simulation and experiment declared that the bending strength and compression strength of the core-shell structured ceramic were shown to increase by more than 50% over those of the uncoated sample. Meanwhile, the electric-field-induced strain was reduced by almost half after adding the SiO2 coating. The suppressed electrical deformation and enhanced mechanical strength could alleviate the probability of generation of cracks and prevent their propagation, thus remarkably improving breakdown strength and fatigue endurance of the ceramics. As a result, an ultra-high breakdown strength of 425 kV cm−1 and excellent recoverable energy storage density (Wrec ∼ 4.64 J cm-3) were achieved in the core-shell structured sample. More importantly, the unique structure could enhance the cycling stability of the ceramic (Wrec variation < ±2% after 105 cycles). Thus, mechanical performance optimization via grain structure engineering offers a new paradigm for improving electrical breakdown strength and fatigue endurance of dielectric ceramic capacitors.
Display omitted
•The core-shell structure could reduce the deformation and alleviate the probability of generation of cracks of ceramic.•The core-shell structure could optimize the mechanical performance and prevent the propagation of crack of ceramic.•The two features remarkably improve breakdown strength and fatigue endurance of dielectric ceramic capacitor.
Human activity is the major factor driving the wetland degradation in shallow lakes. Human exploitation of lake wetlands alters the habitats of wintering waterbirds, and, in turn, waterbird diversity ...in the shallow lakes. In the present study, we surveyed species composition, abundance, and habitat characteristics of waterbirds in three types of wetland habitats (natural lakeside wetlands, paddy fields, and aquaculture ponds) at Caizi Lake, a shallow lake in the middle and lower Yangtze River during the wintering period, and investigated the effects of habitat change driven by human activity on the diversity of wintering waterbirds. There were significant differences in species composition and abundance among the three wetland habitats (natural lakeside wetlands, aquaculture ponds, and artificial paddy fields); however, there were no significant differences among the habitats with respect to the number of waterbirds. The numbers of overwintering waterbird species and waterbird individuals in aquaculture ponds and lakeside wetlands were significantly higher than the numbers in the paddy fields, indicating that wintering waterbirds prefer natural lake wetlands and aquaculture ponds. Principal component analysis of the three wetland habitat types revealed that factors influencing waterbird diversity include wetland area, vegetation cover, water level, and degree of human interference. Therefore, minimizing human interference and ensuring suitable habitats at specific periods could facilitate the maintenance of waterbird diversity.
The Jialing River is one of the largest tributaries of the Yangtze River and has the largest drainage area. Nickel (Ni) is a one of the most serious heavy metal contaminants in the downstream section ...of the Jialing River as a result of the prosperity of nearby chemical, electronic and mining industries. In the present work, sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), a Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique were applied to evaluate the environment risk, fractions and remobilization of Ni in the downstream Jialing River. The results indicated that the average total concentration of Ni (54.7 mg kg−1) at all sites was higher than the background values of soil in China and Sichuan (26.9 and 35.8 mg kg−1, respectively). Environment risk assessment with four types of SQG values found that at three sites, the Ni concentration was over two high guideline values (probable effect concentration, PEC; effect range median, ERM), indicating that Ni may frequently pose a threat to the local aquatic ecosystem. The DGT results showed that CDGT-Ni had an inverse variation trend with CDGT-Fe and presented a significant increasing trend at the bottom of the DGT probes. Flux results revealed that sediments at S1, S2 and S3 were the source for Ni release across the sediment-water interface (SWI), and only S4 was a sink for Ni. Two further studies found that CDGT-Ni presented a significant negative correlation with CDGT-Fe. In addition, the “hotspot” of CDGT-Ni at the bottom correlated well with the “dark area” of CDGT-S. These results indicated that Fe and S were factors that mitigated the release of Ni in the sediments.
Display omitted
•Ni may frequently pose an environment risk in the study area.•Ni was mainly bound to the residual fraction of the sediment.•The remobilization of Ni in the sediment was related to the release of Fe and S.
The super-resolution of depth images is a research hotspot. In this study, the classical Kriging algorithm is applied to the spatial interpolation of depth images, together with the fractional-order ...differential method for edge recognition, to realise the super-resolution reconstruction of depth images. The resulting interpolation model improves the edge performance of Kriging interpolation by harnessing the superior characteristics of fractional-order differential edge recognition and effectively solving the edge blurring problem in super-resolution interpolation of depth images. Experimental results show that, compared with the classical algorithms, the super-resolution reconstruction based on Kriging interpolation is greatly improved in terms of visual effects and the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the depth image. In particular, edge recognition based on fractional-order differentiation solves the image blurring problem at the edges of the depth images. Inspection of the point clouds of the depth images shows that the output of the proposed interpolation model has obvious fractal characteristics.
The mTOR signaling pathways regulate cell growth and are involved in multiple human diseases. Here, we identify UBTOR, a previously unannotated gene as a functional player in regulating cell growth ...and mTOR signaling. Reduction of UBTOR function in cultured hippocampal neurons and PC12 cells promotes neurite outgrowth. UBTOR depletion activates mTOR signaling and promotes cell growth, whilst UBTOR overexpression suppresses colony formation in cancer cell lines. Studies in cultured cells and zebrafish model show that UBTOR inhibits mTOR signaling by stabilizing the mTOR complex component DEPTOR, and ubtor gene disruption result in higher mTOR activity and aggravate HRAS(G12V) induced neoplasia in the zebrafish. Lastly, UBTOR depletion promotes tumor growth and mTOR signaling in a xenograft mouse model. Together, our results demonstrate how UBTOR regulates cell growth and neoplasia via mTOR signaling.
PDF
