The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a species native to the Americas and has spread to many countries in Africa and Asia in recent years. Proactive actions for potential invasion of S. ...frugiperda to China coordinated by government agencies and agricultural extension systems resulted in timely detection in January 2019 in Yunnan province neighboring onto Myanmar. The extensive monitoring in southern provinces of China since February 2019 resulted in dynamic tracking of S. frugiperda spreading to 13 provincial regions in China within 4 months by May 10, 2019, which is crucial for timely management actions in the fields. The first detections of S. frugiperda (corn strain) in China were confirmed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) genes molecular marker method. In addition to S. frugiperda, larvae of three other noctuid species with similar morphological appearance (S. litura, S. exigua and Mythimna separata) can occur simultaneously and cause similar damage in cornfields in southern China. Thus, we can use both morphological and molecular marker methods to compare larval stages of four noctuid species. Further, we discuss the risk of potential spread of invasive S. frugiperda to other regions and impact on corn production in China.
In mixed-field source localization, the physical properties of a sensor array, such as the degrees of freedom (DOFs), aperture, and coupling leakage, directly affect the accuracy of estimating the ...direction of arrival (DOA). Compared to conventional symmetric uniform linear arrays, symmetric non-uniform linear arrays (SNLAs) have a greater advantage in mixed-field source localization due to their larger aperture and higher DOF. However, current SNLAs require improvements in their physical properties through modifications to the array structure in order to achieve more accurate source localization estimates. Therefore, this study proposes a symmetric double-supplemented nested array (SDSNA), which translates nested subarrays based on symmetric nested arrays to increase the aperture and inserts two symmetric supplemented subarrays to fill the holes created by the translation. This method results in longer consecutive difference coarray lags and larger apertures. The SDSNA is compared to existing advanced SNLAs in terms of their physical properties and DOA estimation. The results show that, with the same number of sensors, the SDSNA has a higher DOF, a larger aperture, and smaller coupling, indicating the advantages of the SDSNA in terms of its physical properties. Under the same experimental conditions, the SDSNA has a lower root-mean-square error of source location, thus indicating better performance in terms of both DOA and distance estimation.
A pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection broke out all over the world; however, epidemiological data and viral shedding in pediatric patients are limited. ...We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study, and followed‐up with all children from the families with SARS‐CoV‐2 infected members in Zhejiang Province, China. All infections were confirmed by testing the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA with real‐time reverse transcription PCR method, and epidemiological data between children and adults in the same families were compared. Effect of antiviral therapy was evaluated observationally and fecal‐viral excretion times among groups with different antiviral regiments were compared with Kaplan‐Meier plot. By 29 February 2020, 1298 cases from 883 families were confirmed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and 314 of which were families with children. Incidence of infection in child close contacts was significantly lower than that in adult contacts (13.2% vs 21.2%). The mean age of 43 pediatric cases was 8.2 years and mean incubation period was 9.1 days. Forty (93.0%) were family clustering. Thirty‐three children had coronavirus disease 2019 (20 pneumonia) with mild symptoms and 10 were asymptomatic. Fecal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection was positive in 91.4% (32/35) cases and some children had viral excretion time over 70 days. Viral clearance time was not different among the groups treated with different antiviral regiments. No subsequent infection was observed in family contacts of fecal‐viral‐excreting children. Children have lower susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, longer incubation, and fecal‐viral excretion time. Positive results of fecal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection were not used as indication for hospitalization or quarantine.
Highlights
Children had lower susceptibility for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection than adults.
Children had longer incubation period and fecal viral excretion time after infected by SARS‐CoV‐2.
Viral clearance time was not different among the groups treated with different antiviral regiments.
Children had milder clinical symptoms, better clinical outcome, and more common fecal viral excretion.
Positive results of fecal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection are not used as indication for hospitalization or quarantine.
An I 2 -mediated 3+2+1 aerobic cyclization reaction of anilines with alkynes and tertiary amines without any peroxides has been reported. This protocol employed tertiary amines as a C1 building block ...for the direct synthesis of 2-non, 2-alkyl, and even 2-aryl substituted quinolines via C–N bond cleavage. Differing from the traditional methods, both terminal and internal alkynes were compatible in this metal-free three-component system. It is possible that the 2-vinylbenzenamine species might be produced as one of the active intermediates in this process.
•Trichogramma species are being used for corn pests in China.•Technology for mass-rearing of Trichogramma has advanced.•Release techniques for Trichogramma in China are described.•Trichogramma ...release offers ecological and economic benefits in China.•Future prospects and challenges for Trichogramma technology.
Corn (Zea mays L., Poaceae) is ranked first as food crop in planting area and in total yield production in China. Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is the most destructive pest of corn in China, causing 6–9 million tons of yield loss per year on average. Trichogramma has been released for control of Asian corn borer at large scale since the 1970’s, partly triggered by the fact that Trichogramma dendrolimi can be successfully mass reared on eggs of the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. Eggs of different hosts, such as Eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, A. pernyi, the Rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica, the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella and also artificial host eggs were tested and successfully used to mass-rear various Trichogramma species in China since then. The mass production technology and release technique of Trichogramma have been greatly improved in recent years making Trichogramma production and field application more practical and cost efficient. Nowadays, nearly 4 million hectares of corn are treated with T. dendrolimi, Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma ostriniae annually, mainly in North-east China. Large ecological and economic benefits have been achieved in areas where Trichogramma have been released continuously for many years. This includes an increase of natural populations of Trichogramma and other natural enemies in cornfields, the avoidance of any insecticide treatments in corn, a reduction in mycotoxin contamination and overall higher yields. The release of Trichogramma for controlling Asian corn borer and other lepidopteran pests became one of the key measures in corn IPM in China. Trichogramma applications combined with other non-chemical control measures for corn insect pests IPM began a new era in China as the new concept of “Public Plant Protection, Green Plant Protection” was put forward in 2006 as the guideline for plant protection in China. The future prospects and challenges of Trichogramma application are also discussed in this review.
Abstract
Background
Revisions are mainly caused by wear debris-induced aseptic loosening. How to effectively suppress debris-induced periprosthetic osteolysis has become an urgent problem. Both ...zoledronic acid and teriparatide can increase the bone mass around prostheses and increase the stability of prostheses. A hypothesis was proposed: the combination of the two drugs may have a better treatment effect than the use of either drug alone.
Methods
We created a rabbit model to study the effect and mechanism of the combination of zoledronic acid and teriparatide in the treatment of aseptic loosening. Thirty-two adult male New Zealand white rabbits were selected and treated with TKA surgery, and a titanium rod prosthesis coated evenly with micrometre-sized titanium debris was implanted into the right femoral medullary cavity. All rabbits were randomized into four groups (control group = 8, zoledronic acid group = 8, teriparatide group = 8, and zoledronic acid + teriparatide group = 8). All the animals were sacrificed in the 12th week, and X-ray analyses, H&E staining, Goldner-Masson trichrome staining, von Kossa staining, and RT-PCR and Western blotting of the mRNA and protein of OCN, OPG, RANKL and TRAP5b in the interface membrane tissues around the prostheses were immediately carried out.
Results
The results shown that both zoledronic acid and teriparatide could inhibit debris-induced peri-prosthetic osteolysis and promote new bone formation. Zoledronic acid was more capable of inhibiting osteoclast activation and peri-prosthetic osteolysis, while teriparatide was more capable of promoting osteoblast function and peri-prosthetic bone integration.
Conclusion
This research confirmed that the combination of zoledronic acid and teriparatide could prevent and treat aseptic loosening of the prosthesis more effectively. However, the safety of this combination and the feasibility of long-term application have not been ensured, and the clinical application requires further experiments and clinical research support.
The clinical outcome of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy (TRO) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) remains controversial, and the promising clinical results of several Japanese studies ...could not be reproduced in American and European studies. Trying to solve controversies on TRO for ONFH rising from apparently conflicting studies, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the 5- and 10-year hip survival rates (with conversion to artificial joint replacement and radiographic failure as endpoints) after TRO.
All eligible studies were searched in seven comprehensive databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, VIP Database, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, and Wan Fang Database prior to June 2019. The outcomes evaluated were 5- and 10-year hip survival rates after TRO. The odds ratio and risk difference for the non-comparative binary data with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each outcome. The included studies were assessed for methodologic bias and potential reasons for heterogeneity were explored.
Nineteen studies of TRO for ONFH were eligible for this meta-analysis according to inclusion criteria. Based on the previous report, two calculation methods (Methods 1 and 2) were adopted in this meta-analysis. Furthermore, we performed a sub-group analysis of the 5- and 10-year hip survival rates (Method 1) after TRO for ONFH: Asian sub-population and non-Asian sub-population. Taking conversion to artificial joint replacement as the endpoint, 5- and 10-year hip survival rates (Method 1) after TRO for ONFH in the Asian population were 0.86 (95% CI = 0.82-0.89) and 0.72 (95% CI = 0.65-0.78), respectively, and 5- and 10-year hip survival rates after TRO for ONFH in the non-Asian population were 0.55 (95% CI = 0.43-0.67) and 0.42 (95% CI = 0.28-0.55), respectively. The 5- and 10-year hip survival rates (Method 2) after TRO for ONFH were 0.90 (95% CI = 0.79-0.95) and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.81-0.94), respectively. Taking radiographic failure as the endpoint, 5- and 10-year hip survival rates after TRO for ONFH were 0.70 (95% CI = 0.64-0.76) and 0.53 (95% CI = 0.46-0.61), respectively.
The 5- and 10-year hip survival rates after TRO for ONFH were satisfactory in the Asian population, and were acceptable in the non-Asian population despite high early failure rates.
New agricultural pest species attacking introduced crops may evolve from pre‐existing local herbivores by ecological speciation, thereby becoming a species by becoming a pest. We compare the ...evolutionary pathways by which two maize pests (the Asian and the European corn borers, ACB and ECB) in the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) probably diverged from an ancestral species close to the current Adzuki bean borer (ABB). We typed larval Ostrinia populations collected on maize and dicotyledons across China and eastern Siberia, at microsatellite and mitochondrial loci. We found only two clusters: one on maize (as expected) and a single one on dicotyledons despite differences in male mid‐tibia morphology, suggesting that all individuals from dicotyledons belonged to the ABB. We found evidence for migrants and hybrids on both host plant types. Hybrids suggest that field reproductive isolation is incomplete between ACB and ABB. Interestingly, a few individuals with an ‘ABB‐like’ microsatellite profile collected on dicotyledons had ‘ACB’ mtDNA rather than ‘ABB‐like’ mtDNA, whereas the reverse was never found on maize. This suggests asymmetrical gene flow directed from the ACB towards the ABB. Hybrids and backcrosses in all directions were obtained in no‐choice tests. In laboratory conditions, they survived as well as parental strain individuals. In Xinjiang, we found ACB and ECB in sympatry, but no hybrids. Altogether, our results suggest that reproductive isolation between ACB and ABB is incomplete and mostly prezygotic. This points to ecological speciation as a possible evolutionary scenario, as previously found for ECB and ABB in Europe.
...14 cases (10.7%) of medial meniscus injuries, nine cases (6.9%) of lateral meniscus injuries and 11 cases (8.4%) of arthritis were found in the control group. ...Spearman's two-tailed test showed ...that there were significant positive correlations between the patient age and the medial meniscus injury, lateral meniscus injury, anterior cruciate ligament injury, posterior cruciate ligament injury, effusion, and arthritis, respectively. Compared with the control group, the patellar instability enhanced the correlations between the tissue injuries and the older age in the patient group. ...in the patient group, more severe trochlear dysplasia and patella alta would result in younger onset age of patellar instability. ...this clinical observation showed that more severe trochlear dysplasia and patella alta were often accompanied by the younger onset age of patellar instability among these patients.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the properties of structural stability, semi–volatility, and hydrophobicity are toxic and persistent in environments; thus, their transport and fate in ...agroecosystems is essential for reducing PAH accumulation in the edible parts of crops. Here, we cultivated cabbages (Brassica pekinensis L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) in PAH–contaminated soils under the greenhouse and field conditions. After harvesting, we observed a 9.5–46% reduction in soil ∑PAH concentrations. There were 37% of bioconcentration factors (BCFbs) > 1 and 93% of translocation factors (TFab) > 1, while low–molecular–weight (LMW) PAHs had higher BCFbs than high–molecular–weight (HMW) PAHs. The PAH concentrations showed significant and positive correlations among soils, the belowground parts, and the aboveground parts. The toxicity equivalent concentration (TEQBaP) followed the order of cabbage (greenhouse) > cabbage (field) > carrot (greenhouse) > carrot (field), suggesting potentially higher health risks in cabbage relative to carrot and vegetables under the greenhouse relative to field condition. Our study suggested growing carrots under field conditions as a management strategy for reducing the risks of vegetables grown in PAH–contaminated soils.
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•Soil ∑PAH concentrations decreased by 9.5–46% after harvesting.•LMW PAHs (2–4 ring) had higher BCFbs than HMW PAHs (5–6 ring).•More than 93% of TFab were higher than 1.•Cabbages had potentially higher health risks relative to carrots.•The health risks of vegetables were higher in the greenhouse than in the field.
Synopsis, The PAH concentrations were significantly and positively correlated among soil, the belowground parts, and the aboveground parts of carrots and cabbages under both greenhouse and field conditions, presenting the potentially reduced bioaccumulation from soils to belowground parts with the increase in the number of aromatic rings.
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