Nickel-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material is coated with nano-sized anatase TiO2 synthesized via hydrolyzation method to improve its electrochemical performance at high cutoff voltage of ...4.5 V. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) results show that the anatase TiO2 is successfully coated on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 with nanoscale and the coating layer thickness is about 25–35 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) test results indicate that appropriate amount of TiO2 coating is beneficial to form a good layered structure with less cation disorder. Charge–discharge test results demonstrate that the TiO2-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 presents excellent cycling capability, rate capability and thermal stability at cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. The 1.0 wt.% TiO2-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 exhibits a capacity retention of 88.7% after 50 cycles at 1 C and a discharge capacity of 135.8 mAh g−1 after 10 cycles at 5 C, comparing to those of the pristine LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 of only 78.1% and 85.4 mAh g−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) tests results provide evidence that the improved electrochemical properties are mainly attributed to the suppression of the interface reaction between the cathode and electrolyte and the improvement of structural stability of the material by coating.
•Anatase nano-TiO2 is successfully coated on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2.•Appropriate amount of TiO2 is beneficial to reduce cation disorder.•The 1.0 wt.% TiO2-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 exhibits excellent electrochemistry properties.•The TiO2-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 presents excellent thermal stability.
Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) perceive pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate immune responses. Medium‐chain 3‐hydroxy fatty acids (mc‐3‐OH‐FAs), which are widely ...present in Gram‐negative bacteria, were recently shown to be novel PAMPs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis PRR LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE‐SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION (LORE) is a G‐type lectin receptor‐like kinase that recognizes mc‐3‐OH‐FAs and subsequently mounts an immune response; however, the mechanisms underlying LORE activation and downstream signaling are unexplored. Here, we report that one of the mc‐3‐OH‐FAs, 3‐OH‐C10:0, induces phosphorylation of LORE at tyrosine residue 600 (Y600). Phosphorylated LORE subsequently trans‐phosphorylates the receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinase PBL34 and its close paralogs, PBL35 and PBL36, and therefore activates plant immunity. Phosphorylation of LORE Y600 is required for downstream phosphorylation of PBL34, PBL35, and PBL36. However, the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopAO1 targets LORE, dephosphorylating the tyrosine‐phosphorylated Y600 and therefore suppressing the immune response. These observations uncover the mechanism by which LORE mediates signaling in response to 3‐OH‐C10:0 in Arabidopsis.
Synopsis
The Arabidopsis lectin receptor‐like kinase LORE serves as pattern‐recognition receptor for bacterial fatty acid metabolites. Here, LORE‐mediated activation of plant immune responses is shown to be mediated by LORE auto‐phosphorylation and activation of novel receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases.
LORE exhibits tyrosine kinase activity.
Bacterial fatty acid metabolite 3‐OH‐C10:0 activates LORE via its phosphorylation on Tyr600.
LORE phosphorylates receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases PBL34/PBL35/PBL36 to activate immune responses.
Bacterial pathogen P. syringae inhibits LORE via the secreted tyrosine phosphatase HopAO1.
A bacterial fatty acid metabolite induces immune response in Arabidopsis via receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases PBL34/PBL35/PBL36 downstream of the receptor kinase LORE.
Crosstalk between plant hormone signaling pathways is vital for controlling the immune response during pathogen invasion. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play important but ...antagonistic roles in the immune responses of higher plants. Here, we identify a basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription activator, OsbHLH6, which confers disease resistance in rice by regulating SA and JA signaling via nucleo‐cytosolic trafficking in rice (Oryza sativa). OsbHLH6 expression was upregulated during Magnaporthe oryzae infection. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsbHLH6 display increased JA responsive gene expression and enhanced disease susceptibility to the pathogen. Nucleus‐localized OsbHLH6 activates JA signaling and suppresses SA signaling; however, the SA regulator OsNPR1 (Nonexpressor of PR genes 1) sequesters OsbHLH6 in the cytosol to alleviate its effect. Our data suggest that OsbHLH6 controls disease resistance by dynamically regulating SA and JA signaling.
Phytohormones play essential roles in plant immunity. In this study, a bHLH transcription activator OsHLH6 was found to dynamically modulate jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling by nucleo‐cytoplasm trafficking to defend against rice blast disease.
•An accurate surrogate model for addressing flow maldistribution effectively.•High-temperature zones result primarily from the lowest coolant channel velocity.•An innovative index to ensure the ...lowest velocity and temperature maldistribution.•Optimized structure minimizes flow maldistribution and eliminates the hot zones.
Flow maldistribution significantly impacts the performance and operation of microchannel heat sinks, which are extensively utilized across various industries. This study develops a surrogate model to address the flow maldistribution in microchannel heat sinks, employing a combination of genetic algorithm backpropagation neural networks and numerical simulations. Genetic algorithms optimize the microchannel heat sink manifold, involving five variables. The optimized manifold reduces the flow maldistribution factor by 38 % at a coolant inlet velocity of 0.1 m/s compared to that of the conventional structure. The mechanisms of this improvement are explored through comparative analyses of the manifold shape and pressure distribution. However, addressing the flow maldistribution alone proves insufficient in eliminating local hot zones within the microchannel heat sink. Consequently, this study introduces the concept of a corrected maldistribution factor and establishes a new structure guided by this factor as the optimization index. The results indicate a 47 % reduction in the maximum-to-minimum channel flow velocity ratio compared to that of the conventional structure at a coolant inlet velocity of 2 m/s. Furthermore, the maximum temperature drops by 20 K, significantly enhancing the flow and temperature distribution within the microchannel heat sink.
•Al2O3 nano-particles, dispersed well by ultrasonic treatment, were used to coat on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 powder.•Appropriate amount of Al2O3-coating could facilitate hexagonal ordering ...of the material.•The LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 has initial discharge capacity of 197.1mAhg−1 at 0.2C over 2.8–4.5V and capacity retention of 91.0% after 30cycles at 1C.•The 1.0wt.% Al2O3-coated sample shows a high discharge capacity of 153.5mAhg−1 after 5cycles under a 10C rate.
The LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 powder was coated with nano-Al2O3 particles via ultrasonic coating, and its electrochemical performances were improved greatly. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to research the structure variation, surface appearance and coating status. The results show that the nano-Al2O3 particles are successfully coated and the thickness of coating layer is about 20–25nm. The XRD test results indicate that appropriate amount of Al2O3 coated is beneficial to form a better layered structure with smaller cation disorder. The charge–discharge results show that LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 coated with Al2O3 of 1.0wt.% has initial discharge capacity of 197.1mAhg−1, initial coulombic efficiency of 91.2% at 0.2C over 2.8–4.5V and capacity retention of 91.0% much more than the pristine one of 82.9.0% after 30cycles at 1C. Especially, the rate capability of 1.0wt.% Al2O3-coated sample is improved evidently, it shows a high discharge capacity of 153.5 mAhg−1 after 5cycles under a 10C rate, whereas the pristine one is only 126.3mAhg−1 under the same conditions. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests results also show that the impedance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 is significantly reduced by Al2O3 coating during the cycling.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant cancer in children and adolescents and has a cure rate that has not improved in the last two decades. CYT997 (lexibulin) is a novel potent ...microtubule-targeting agent with various anticancer activities, such as proliferation inhibition, vascular disruption, and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, in multiple cancers. However, the direct cytotoxic mechanisms of CYT997 have not yet been fully characterized.
We evaluated apoptosis and autophagy in human osteosarcomas after treatment with CYT997 and investigated the underlying mechanisms. To explore relationships, we used the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), PERK inhibitor GSK2606414, ERO1 inhibitor EN460 and mitochondrial targeted protection peptide elamipretide. BALB/c-nu mice were inoculated with 143B tumor cells to investigate the in vivo effect of CYT997.
We explored the efficacy and mechanism of CYT997 in osteosarcoma (OS) in vitro and in vivo and demonstrated that CYT997 potently suppresses cell viability and induces apoptosis and autophagy. CYT997 triggered production of ROS and exerted lethal effects via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in OS cells. NAC attenuated these effects. The PERK inhibitor GSK2606414, which can block the ER stress pathway, reduced ROS production and enhanced cell viability. Moreover, activation of ERO1 in the ER stress pathway was responsible for inducing ROS production. ROS produced by the mitochondrial pathway also aggravate ER stress. Protection of mitochondria can reduce apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, CYT997 prominently reduced tumor growth in vivo.
This study suggests that CYT997 induces apoptosis and autophagy in OS cells by triggering mutually enhanced ER stress and ROS and may thus be a promising agent against OS.
Bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae delivers diverse type III effectors into host cells to interfere with their immune responses. One of the effectors, AvrB, targets a host guardee protein RIN4 ...and induces RIN4 phosphorylation in Arabidopsis. Phosphorylated RIN4 activates the immune receptor RPM1 to mount defense. AvrB-induced RIN4 phosphorylation depends on RIPK, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK). In this study, we found several other RLCKs that were also able to phosphorylate RIN4. We demonstrated that these RLCKs formed a complex with RIPK and were functionally redundant to RIPK. We also found that unphosphorylated RIN4 was epistatic to phosphorylated RIN4 in terms of RPM1 activation. AvrB-induced RLCK gene expression and phosphorylated RIN4-triggered RPM1 activation required RAR1, a central regulator in plant innate immunity. Our results unravel a mechanism in which plants employ multiple kinases to hyperphosphorylate the guardee protein RIN4 to ensure immune activation during pathogen invasion.
CHD7, an encoding ATP-dependent chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7, has been identified as the causative gene involved in CHARGE syndrome (Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia ...choanae, Retardation of growth and/or development, Genital abnormalities and Ear abnormalities). Although studies in rodent models have expanded our understanding of CHD7, its role in oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination in zebrafish is still unclear. In this study, we generated a chd7-knockout strain with CRISPR/Cas9 in zebrafish. We observed that knockout (KO) of chd7 intensely impeded the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells’ (OPCs) migration and myelin formation due to massive expression of chd7 in oilg2+ cells, which might provoke upregulation of the MAPK signal pathway. Thus, our study demonstrates that chd7 is critical to oligodendrocyte migration and myelination during early development in zebrafish and describes a mechanism potentially associated with CHARGE syndrome.
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the severity of photoreceptor damage and the level of anti-retina antibodies (ARAs) in aqueous humor, including recoverin, CA II and enolase-α ...IgG antibody of macular edema patients. Aqueous humor samples were collected from macular edema patients and from cataract patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of discontinuity of ellipsoid zone (EZ) shown on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging: cataract patients with intact EZ, macular edema patients with mild EZ damage, and macular edema patients with severe EZ damage. The level of ARAs was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlation between the level of ARAs and the degree of photoreceptor damage was analyzed. The level of ARAs of the intact EZ group was significantly lower than that in the severely damaged group (P < 0.05). The level of recoverin IgG of the intact EZ group was significantly lower than mildly damaged group (P = 0.030). In a subgroup analysis, the level of recoverin IgG of DME patients was correlated with their central retinal thickness (CRT) (r = 0.462, P = 0.035). The level of ARAs in aqueous humor of patients with DME and RVO-ME was correlated with the degree of photoreceptor damage.
We have fabricated a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of clenbuterol, a kind of β-agonist. Clenbuterol was covalently linked to multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a ...two-step process using 1-(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide and
N-hydroxysulfo-succinimide as crosslinkers. The clenbuterol-MWCNT conjugates were cast on a glassy carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were employed to monitor the fabrication steps of immunoreaction system using the redox probe of K
3Fe(CN)
6. In the presence of monoclonal antibody against clenbuterol, the redox peak current of Fe(CN)
6
3−/4− was decreased, presumably due to that antibody in solution could adsorb on the electrode surface modified clenbuterol-MWCNT conjugates. The selected monoclonal antibody showed very high sensitivity and specificity for clenbuterol, and was used for the detection and quantitative determination of clenbuterol in solution with a competitive mechanism. This approach provided a detection limit of 0.32
ng
mL
−1. Accurate detection of clenbuterol in spiked animal feeds was demonstrated by comparison with conventional ELISA assays and LC–MS method.
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