The multi-phase flow of non-Newtonian through a divergent channel is studied in this article. Jeffrey fluid is considered as the base liquid and tiny gold particles for the two-phase suspension. ...Application of external electric field parallel to complicated capillary with net surface charge density causes the bulk motion of the bi-phase fluid. In addition to, electro-osmotic flow with heat transfer, the simultaneous effects of viscous dissipation and nonlinear thermal radiation have also been incorporated. Finally, cumbersome mathematical manipulation yields a closed-form solution to the nonlinear differential equations. Parametric study reveals that more thermal energy is contributed in response to Brinkman number which significantly assists gold particles to more heat attain high temperature, as the remedy for compressed or swollen capillaries/arteries.
The photo‐responsive adsorption has emerged as a vibrant area, but its current methodology is limited by the well‐defined photochromic units and their molecular deformation driven by photo‐stimuli. ...Herein, a methodology of nondeforming photo‐responsiveness is successfully exploited. With the exploiting agent of Cu‐TCPP framework assembled on the graphite and strongly interacted with it, the sorbent generates two kinds of adsorption sites, over which the electron density distribution of the graphite layer can be modulated at the c‐axis direction, which can further evolve due to photo‐stimulated excited states. The excited states are stable enough to meet the timescale of microscopic adsorption equilibrium. Independent of the ultra‐low specific surface area of the sorbent (20 m2 g−1), the CO adsorption capability can be improved from 0.50 mmol g−1 at the ground state to 1.24 mmol g−1 (0 °C, 1 bar) with the visible light radiation, rather than the photothermal desorption.
Different from the current methodology depending on the mechanical deformation of photochromic units, the nondeforming photo‐responsiveness of the sorbent is exploited in this study, via the change of electron density distribution at stable excited states. The CO adsorption capability can be dramatically photo‐gained over the sorbent with an ultra‐low specific surface area.
Objectives
To identify biomarkers that predict the response to standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) of patients newly diagnosed with metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) in ...order to improve therapeutic decision‐making, and to investigate whether the characterization of baseline circulating tumour cells (CTCs) would predict the effective period of standard ADT.
Materials and Methods
The study included 108 patients newly diagnosed with high‐volume metastatic CSPC. Enumeration and characterization of patients’ baseline CTCs (CTCs+ and CTCs−, indicating detectable and undetectable CTCs, respectively) were performed using the CanPatrol technique, which detects markers of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CTCs, and classifies CTCs into epithelial, biophenotypic and mesenchymal phenotypes.
Results
After a median follow‐up of 24 months, 90 patients (83.3%) progressed to castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), 93 patients (86.1%) had detectable CTCs, and the median number of CTCs was 4. The rate of progression to CRPC was significantly higher for patients with mesenchymal CTCs+ than for patients with CTCs+/mesenchymal CTCs− and CTCs− (93.1% vs 71.4% and 73.3%; P = 0.013). The median time to CRPC for patients with mesenchymal CTCs+ was significantly shorter than for those with CTCs+/mesenchymal CTCs− and CTCs− (10.5 months vs 18.0 and 14.0 months; P = 0.003). Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that the CTC phenotype was the only independent prognostic factor influencing the progression of disease from CSPC to CRPC.
Conclusions
Characterization of baseline CTCs according to the EMT phenotype predicted the effective period of standard ADT for patients newly diagnosed with metastatic CSPC. These findings are important for counselling patients and designing clinical trials.
The unavoidable interaction of an open quantum system with its surrounding environment may follow non-Markovian dynamics behavior, which causes its memory effects to play a key role in many quantum ...technologies. In this work, we first consider the dynamics control of a spin-1/2 system that simultaneously interacts with two magnets. Subsequently, we study in detail the evolution of a classically driven spin-1/2 system that is coupled with a magnet. Two dynamical crossovers of the spin system, namely, from Markovian dynamics to non-Markovian dynamics and from no-speedup evolution to speedup evolution, can be controlled in these two models. Slightly different from the previous quantum speedup scenarios with controllable non-Markovianity, the stronger non-Markovianity does not necessarily lead to the quantum speedup dynamics process of the spin system in our spin-magnet schemes.
•A sliding mode extended state observer (SMESO) is proposed for disturbance estimation, the gain of which is adjusted adaptively to decrease chattering phenomenon. In the meantime, the convergence ...characteristic of SMESO is also analyzed.•An adaptive law is designed to compensate the observation error.•After the estimates of disturbances are achieved, adaptive disturbance compensation finite control set optimal control (FCS-OC) strategy is designed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system driven by voltage source inverter.
Based on sliding mode extended state observer (SMESO) technique, an adaptive disturbance compensation finite control set optimal control (FCS-OC) strategy is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system driven by voltage source inverter (VSI). So as to improve robustness of finite control set optimal control strategy, a SMESO is proposed to estimate the output-effect disturbance. The estimated value is fed back to finite control set optimal controller for implementing disturbance compensation. It is indicated through theoretical analysis that the designed SMESO could converge in finite time. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed adaptive disturbance compensation FCS-OC possesses better dynamical response behavior in the presence of disturbance.
Background and Aim
Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a first‐line procedure for the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). The opinions on the timing for such diagnostic evaluation ...remain unclear. We aimed to explore the role of early VCE in OGIB patients.
Methods
A total of 997 patients that underwent VCE at Renji Hospital and Nagoya University from May 15, 2002, to December 28, 2016, were included in this study. We matched patients that underwent early VCE within 14 days of bleeding (early group, n = 678) to patients that did not (late group, n = 319) via 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). We then compared VCE diagnostic rates and the prevalence of post‐VCE rebleeding in patients with initial negative VCE findings within 1 year between these groups before and after PSM.
Results
Following PSM, early VCE was associated with a significantly higher rate of OGIB diagnosis (56.4% vs 45.5%, P = 0.001) and with a significantly lower incidence of rebleeding within 1 year following treatment (24.7% vs 36.7%, P = 0.041). In univariate and multivariate analyses, VCE timing (odds ratio 0.648; 95% confidence interval 0.496–0.847, P = 0.001 and odds ratio 0.666; 95% confidence interval 0.496–0.894, P = 0.007, respectively) was found to be linked with a higher rate of positive findings.
Conclusion
Early VCE can improve the reliability of OGIB diagnosis while also reducing rates of post‐VCE rebleeding. This suggests that timely and accurate diagnosis can help to improve OGIB patient treatment and prognosis.
Membrane fouling remains a major challenge for applying membrane technology to water treatment and, therefore, new tools to recognize the key foulants are essential for characterizing and evaluating ...the membrane fouling process. In this work, fluorescence excitation emission matrix coupled with parallel factor framework-clustering analysis was used to investigate the membrane fouling during the filtration process of humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution by polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Interestingly, the interaction between BSA and HA in the membrane fouling process was observed, and was further confirmed by infrared microspectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopic analysis. In addition, the HA-induced membrane fouling was observed to be initially relieved, but became aggravated when a certain amount of BSA was added. Furthermore, with such an integrated approach, the OH groups in HA and amide bands in BSA were found to be mainly responsible for the membrane fouling and the HA-BSA interaction was mainly caused by the encapsulation of BSA with HA. This work develops a new method for probing membrane fouling and demonstrates the interaction between membrane foulants and its roles in membrane fouling process. Furthermore, the integrated approach developed in this work has a potential to explore other types of interfacial interactions.
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•There was interaction between BSA and HA foulants in membrane filtration.•HA-BSA interaction was mainly caused by encapsulation of BSA with HA.•OH groups in HA and amide bands in BSA were responsible for the fouling.•Infrared microspectroscopy could map foulant distribution on membrane.
SUMMARY
Precise gene‐editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology remains a long‐standing challenge, especially for genes with low expression and no selectable phenotypes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a ...classic model for photosynthesis and cilia research. Here, we developed a multi‐type and precise genetic manipulation method in which a DNA break was generated by Cas9 nuclease and the repair was mediated using a homologous DNA template. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated for several types of gene editing, including inactivation of two low‐expression genes (CrTET1 and CrKU80), the introduction of a FLAG‐HA epitope tag into VIPP1, IFT46, CrTET1 and CrKU80 genes, and placing a YFP tag into VIPP1 and IFT46 for live‐cell imaging. We also successfully performed a single amino acid substitution for the FLA3, FLA10 and FTSY genes, and documented the attainment of the anticipated phenotypes. Lastly, we demonstrated that precise fragment deletion from the 3′‐UTR of MAA7 and VIPP1 resulted in a stable knock‐down effect. Overall, our study has established efficient methods for multiple types of precise gene editing in Chlamydomonas, enabling substitution, insertion and deletion at the base resolution, thus improving the potential of this alga in both basic research and industrial applications.
Significance Statement
Efficient precision gene‐editing system was established in Chlamydomonas, including target gene inactivation, single amino acid substitution, knock‐in of an epitope or a YFP tag, and the precise deletion of a DNA fragment in the genome. The methods established in this study will facilitate generating multiple types of genetically modified strains, re‐constructing the metabolism pathway for producing the bio‐fuel and high‐value algal compounds, and modifying the structure of the cell wall for bio‐refinery.
The elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6 (ELOVL6) gene encodes a key enzyme that plays a role in lipogenesis through the catalytic elongation of both saturated and monounsaturated ...fatty acids. Previous studies have described the high expression of bovine ELOVL6 in adipose tissues. However, transcriptional regulation and the functional role of ELOVL6 in lipid metabolism and adipocyte proliferation remain unexplored. Here, a 1.5 kb fragment of the 5′‐untranslated region promoter region of ELOVL6 was amplified from the genomic DNA of Qinchuan cattle and sequenced. The core promoter region was identified through unidirectional 5′‐end deletion of the promoter plasmid vector. In silico analysis predicted important transcription factors that were then validated through site‐directed mutation and small interfering RNA interference with an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We found that the binding of KLF6 and PU.1 transcription factors occurred in the region −168/+69. Both perform a vital regulatory function in the transcription of bovine ELOVL6. Overexpression of ELOVL6 significantly upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), but inhibited the expression of fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP4), while silencing of ELOVL6 negatively regulated the messenger RNA expression level of PPARγ, FABP4, ACSL, and FATP1. In addition, ELOVL6 promotes adipocyte proliferation by regulating the cell‐cycle genes' expression. Taken together, these findings provide useful information about the transcriptional regulation and functional mechanisms of bovine ELOVL6 in lipid metabolism and adipocyte proliferation in Qinchuan cattle.
Findings of present study will provide useful information about the transcriptional regulation and functional mechanisms of bovine elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6 in lipid metabolism and adipocyte proliferation in Qinchuan cattle.
Nanoenabled foliar-applied agrochemicals can potentially be safer and more efficient than conventional products. However, limited understanding about how nanoparticle properties influence their ...interactions with plant leaves, uptake, translocation through the mesophyll to the vasculature, and transport to the rest of the plant prevents rational design. This study used a combination of Au quantification and spatial analysis to investigate how size (3, 10, or 50 nm) and coating chemistry (PVP versus citrate) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) influence these processes. Following wheat foliar exposure to AuNPs suspensions (∼280 ng per plant), adhesion on the leaf surface was increased for smaller sizes, and PVP-AuNPs compared to citrate-AuNPs. After 2 weeks, there was incomplete uptake of citrate-AuNPs with some AuNPs remaining on the outside of the cuticle layer. However, the fraction of citrate-AuNPs that had entered the leaf was translocated efficiently to the plant vasculature. In contrast, for similar sizes, virtually all of the PVP-AuNPs crossed the cuticle layer after 2 weeks, but its transport through the mesophyll cells was lower. As a consequence of PVP-AuNP accumulation in the leaf mesophyll, wheat photosynthesis was impaired. Regardless of their coating and sizes, the majority of the transported AuNPs accumulated in younger shoots (10–30%) and in roots (10–25%), and 5–15% of the NPs <50 nm were exuded into the rhizosphere soil. A greater fraction of larger sizes AuNPs (presenting lower ζ potentials) was transported to the roots. The key hypotheses about the NPs physical–chemical and plant physiology parameters that may matter to predict leaf-to-rhizosphere transport are also discussed.
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