Personal goals are ubiquitous in everyday life, with people typically pursuing multiple personal goals at any given time. This article provides a review and synthesis of the vast and varied research ...on personal goals. A growing body of research shows that goals are best conceptualized as a distinct unit of analysis, with extensive within-person variations in both goal characteristics and attainment. In this article, the authors review existing literature on personal goals, examining the process of goal pursuit from start to finish, including goal setting, goal pursuit and self-regulation, and the outcomes associated with attainment and/or failure. They also address the many aspects of personal goal pursuit that are still poorly understood, highlighting directions for future research.
Les objectifs personnels sont omniprésents dans notre vie quotidienne et les gens ont tendance à en poursuivre plusieurs à tout moment. Le présent article propose un examen et une synthèse des vastes et divers travaux de recherche effectués sur les objectifs personnels. Un nombre croissant de recherches montre que les objectifs personnels sont mieux conceptualisés comme unité d'analyse distincte, du fait des énormes variations individuelles tant au niveau des caractéristiques des objectifs que de l'atteinte. Dans le présent article, les auteurs passent en revue la littérature actuelle sur les objectifs personnels, en examinant le processus de la poursuite d'objectifs du début à la fin, dont la fixation d'objectifs, la poursuite d'objectifs et l'auto-régulation ainsi que les résultats associés à l'accomplissement et (ou) à l'échec. On y aborde également les nombreux aspects de la poursuite d'objectifs personnels, qui sont encore très peu compris, en proposant quelques pistes de recherche future.
Researchers run experiments to test theories, search for and document phenomena, develop theories, or advise policymakers. When testing theories, experiments must be internally valid but do not have ...to be externally valid. However, when experiments are used to search for and document phenomena, develop theories, or advise policymakers, external validity matters. Conflating these goals and failing to recognize their tensions with validity concerns can lead to problems with theorizing. Psychological scientists should be aware of the mutual-internal-validity problem, long recognized by experimental economists. When phenomena elicited by experiments are used to develop theories that, in turn, influence the design of theory-testing experiments, experiments and theories can become wedded to each other and lose touch with reality. They capture and explain phenomena within but not beyond the laboratory. We highlight how triangulation can address validity problems by helping experiments and theories make contact with ideas from other disciplines and the real world.
Whither Inhibition? Werner, Kaitlyn M.; Inzlicht, Michael; Ford, Brett Q.
Current directions in psychological science,
08/2022, Letnik:
31, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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Inhibition is considered a process essential to goal pursuit and as a result has become a central construct in many disciplines in psychology and adjacent fields. Despite a century’s worth of debate, ...however, there is little consensus about what inhibition actually is. We suggest that it is time to abandon the concept of inhibition as it currently stands, given that its definition has been problematic. Instead, we propose an alternative framework in which inhibition is the target outcome, rather than a process to obtain a goal. We leverage existing process models to elucidate how people can achieve an inhibition goal by actively regulating impulses and desires. Although the field has been led astray by classifying inhibition as a process, our framework is intended to provide greater practical utility to the study of goal pursuit moving forward.
The purpose of the present research was to develop a more comprehensive measure of self-control that reflects recent theoretical advancements that extend beyond inhibition. Across six samples (N = ...1,946, 48.95% males, Ages 18-76, US-MTurkers/Israelis), we sought to develop and validate the Self-Control Strategies Scale (SCSS), as well as examine its predictive validity across important life domains (e.g., weight, physical activity, savings). The SCSS is comprised of eight self-control strategies that represent three categories: anticipatory control (situation selection, reward, punishment, pre-commitment), down-regulation of temptation (distraction, cognitive change, acceptance), and behavioral inhibition. Results indicate that there was a strong association between the widely used Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). and the behavioral inhibition strategy of the SCSS. While the behavioral inhibition strategy was a strong and consistent predictor of most self-control related outcomes, results further indicate that in some domains, but not others, certain strategies may be beneficial whereas others may be detrimental. While inhibition remains to be an important factor of self-control, our findings point to the importance of adapting the use of different strategies to different domains. The SCSS can therefore be used to gain a more fine-grained understanding of the self-control construct.
Altered neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) activity and neurodevelopmental defects are linked to intellectual disability. However, it remains unclear whether altered metabolism, a key regulator of ...NSPC activity, disrupts human neurogenesis and potentially contributes to cognitive defects. We investigated links between lipid metabolism and cognitive function in mice and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) expressing mutant fatty acid synthase (FASN; R1819W), a metabolic regulator of rodent NSPC activity recently identified in humans with intellectual disability. Mice homozygous for the FASN R1812W variant have impaired adult hippocampal NSPC activity and cognitive defects because of lipid accumulation in NSPCs and subsequent lipogenic ER stress. Homozygous FASN R1819W hESC-derived NSPCs show reduced rates of proliferation in embryonic 2D cultures and 3D forebrain regionalized organoids, consistent with a developmental phenotype. These data from adult mouse models and in vitro models of human brain development suggest that altered lipid metabolism contributes to intellectual disability.
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•The human FASN R1819W variant affects neurogenesis and cognition in knockin mice•FASN R1819W impairs human neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation•FASN-dependent metabolism differentially regulates NSPC activity in mice and humans
Using mouse and human tissue genome engineering, Bowers et al. show that a human variant in fatty acid synthase (FASN) provides a link between altered lipid metabolism, neurogenic stem/progenitor activity, and brain function.
The present research examined the role of university students’ motivation for spending time alone in their adjustment to college life, as well as the parenting correlates of students’ healthy ...motivation for solitude. Two studies were conducted on first-year college students in the United States (n = 147) and Canada (n = 223). In Study 1, data was collected at three different time points, separated by two-week intervals. In Study 2, data was collected at two different time points, separated by a month. The results revealed that, for those who reported perceiving lower social belonging, approaching solitary time for autonomous reasons was linked to greater self-esteem (Study 1), and greater sense of relatedness to others and lower loneliness (Study 2). These findings suggest that endorsing a healthy motivation for solitude is not necessarily indicative of social ill-being. Additionally, students’ autonomous motivation for spending time alone was associated with having parents that are autonomy supportive and that promote a sense of independence.
Previous theorizing suggests there are multiple means by which people regulate their emotions and impulses, but that these strategies vary in the degree to which they support goal attainment. Some ...have proposed that proactive strategies (e.g. situation selection, distraction) may be particularly effective, while interventive strategies (e.g. suppression) are less effective. Despite these diverging predictions, researchers have yet to examine spontaneous use of these strategies and their respective and combined efficacy when applied to momentary food desires experienced in daily life. In the present study, we assessed eating patterns for one week via ecological momentary assessment in college-aged women (N = 106). Results from pre-registered analyses indicated that using a variety of strategies, including preventative strategies such as situation selection and distraction, was associated with greater self-control success, as indexed by weaker desires, higher resistance, lower likelihood of enacting desires, and less food consumed. A similar pattern was observed when participants implemented additional strategies during desire episodes, which they were more likely to do when their desires conflicted with other self-regulatory goals. All associations were observed while controlling for momentary hunger levels, dieting status, age, and body mass index. These findings are consistent with a growing body of work assessing people’s spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies in everyday contexts, suggesting potential meta-motivational tendencies marked by flexible and adaptive use of self-regulatory strategies.
Do we have the necessary perceptual abilities to set goals that are congruent with our own values and needs? In a prospective study, participants (n =185) identified three goals that they planned to ...pursue throughout the week. For each goal, they then rated their motivation for pursuing it and made predictions about the extent to which goal attainment would satisfy their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. One week later, participants rated their progress on each goal, as well as the actual need satisfaction they experienced. Using Bayesian analysis, we found support for our (null) hypothesis that participants predicted that their goals would satisfy their psychological needs, irrespective of goal self-concordance. While people sometimes overestimated need satisfaction, we found that people who pursued more self-concordant goals actually benefited more from their pursuits, both compared to others who pursued less concordant goals and among their own goals.
Self‐control: An integrative framework Werner, Kaitlyn M.; Ford, Brett Q.
Social and personality psychology compass,
20/May , Letnik:
17, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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Research on self‐control has flourished within the last two decades, with many researchers trying to answer one of the most fundamental questions regarding human behaviour—how do we successfully ...regulate desires in the pursuit of long‐term goals? While recent research has focused on different strategies to enhance self‐control success, we still know very little about how strategies are implemented or where the need for self‐control comes from in the first place. Drawing from parallel fields (e.g., emotion regulation, health) and other theories of self‐regulation, we propose an integrative framework that describes self‐control as a dynamic, multi‐stage process that unfolds over time. In this review, we first provide an overview of this framework, which poses three stages of regulation: the identification of the need for self‐control, the selection of strategies to regulate temptations, and the implementation of chosen strategies. These regulatory stages are then flexibly monitored over time. We then expand this framework by outlining a series of growth points to guide future research. By bridging across theories and disciplines, the present framework improves our understanding of how self‐control unfolds in everyday life.
Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) was previously observed in some preclinical models of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and MERS coronavirus vaccines. We used the SARS ...coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mouse-adapted, passage 10, lethal challenge virus (MA10) mouse model of acute lung injury to evaluate the immune response and potential for immunopathology in animals vaccinated with research-grade mRNA-1273. Whole-inactivated virus or heat-denatured spike protein subunit vaccines with alum designed to elicit low-potency antibodies and Th2-skewed CD4+ T cells resulted in reduced viral titers and weight loss post challenge but more severe pathological changes in the lung compared to saline-immunized animals. In contrast, a protective dose of mRNA-1273 induced favorable humoral and cellular immune responses that protected from viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract upon challenge. A subprotective dose of mRNA-1273 reduced viral replication and limited histopathological manifestations compared to animals given saline. Overall, our findings demonstrate an immunological signature associated with antiviral protection without disease enhancement following vaccination with mRNA-1273.
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•mRNA-1273 elicits neutralizing antibodies and spike-binding germinal center B cells•Humoral immunity is accompanied by spike-specific CD4+ Th1, Tfh, and CD8+ T cells•mRNA-1273 demonstrates protection in the mouse MA10 acute lung injury model•mRNA-1273 vaccination does not result in enhanced disease following infection
As vaccine-enhanced disease to respiratory viruses has been previously observed, a thorough safety evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines in preclinical animal models is essential. Here, DiPiazza and Leist et al. provide evidence for antiviral protection in the absence of lung disease following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice immunized with research-grade mRNA-1273.
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