Bioenergy Development Cushion, Elizabeth; Whiteman, Adrian; Dieterle, Gerhard
2010, 2009, 12-28-2009, 2009-12-28, 20100101
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
These report overviews recent developments in the consumption and production of bioenergy. It examines the main issues and possible economic implications of these developments and assesses their ...potential impact on land use and the environment, especially with respect to forests. The report examines both solid biomass and liquid biofuels, identifying opportunities and challenges at the regional and country levels. The development of bioenergy presents both opportunities and challenges for economic development and the environment. It is likely to have significant impacts on the forest sector, directly, through the use of wood for energy production, and indirectly, as a result of changes in land use. The impact of bioenergy on poverty alleviation in developing countries will depend on the opportunities for agricultural development, including income and employment generation, the potential to increase poor peoples' access to improved types of bioenergy; and the effects on energy and food prices. Five main messages emerge from this report: solid biomass will continue to be a principal source of energy; developments in bioenergy will have major implications for land use; tradeoffs, including those related to poverty, equity, and the environment, must be evaluated when choosing a bioenergy system; there is considerable potential for making greater use of forestry and timber waste as a bioenergy feedstock; and the climate benefits of bioenergy development are uncertain and highly location and feedstock specific.
This paper presents information about three main indicators of the economic importance of the forestry sector in Africa (employment, value-added in production and the value of exports) for the period ...1990 to 2000. This information is presented as absolute amounts and as proportions
of total employment, gross domestic product (GDP) and merchandise exports. It also presents partial information about the contribution of forest charges to government revenue and the value of informal production in the sector. For the year 2000, the sector employed 0.16 percent of the total
African workforce and accounted for 1.5 percent of GDP and 2.2 percent of merchandise exports. Over the decade, the absolute amount of all three variables increased, but the contribution to employment decreased, contribution to GDP increased and the contribution to trade remained roughly the
same. There is considerable variation in these indicators between African countries, which is largely due to their different levels of population and economic development.
Over the last 30 years, Indonesia has developed a significant solidwood processing industry and is now the world's largest exporter of wood-based panels. This has occurred due to a combination of ...natural advantage, forestry trade and industry policies and the market characteristics of some of Indonesia's main trading partners. This paper attempts to describe how Indonesia managed to do this, where the policies were successful and where they were not and what the costs and benefits of the development policies were. It is concluded first, that encouraging domestic processing with low forest levies and trade restrictions is not the most efficient way of developing a competitive processing sector. The second conclusion is that forest industry development should be planned within the context of the future availability of forest resources to support such an industry in the long-term. Au cours des 30 dernières années, l'Indonésie s'est dotée d'une forte industrie de transformation du bois solide au point d'être devenue le plus grand exportateur mondial de panneaux dérivés du bois. Cette réussite repose sur d'une combinaison de facteurs comme les richesses naturelles du pays, ses politiques industrielle et commerciale dans le secteur forestier et le type de marché qu'offrent quelques-uns de ses principaux partenaires commerciaux. Cet article veut montrer comment l'Indonésie a obtenu de tels résultats, à quels succès et à quels échecs ses politiques ont abouti, et quels ont été les coûts et avantages de ses politiques de développement. Les auteurs concluent que le recours à de faibles droits d'exploitation et à des mesures protectionnistes pour stimuler l'activité de transformation n'est pas le moyen le plus efficace de développer une industrie de transformation concurrentielle. En second lieu, on note que la planification du développement industriel dans le secteur forestier devrait tenir compte de la disponibilité à long terme des ressources forestières pour pouvoir assurer l'approvisionnement de ce type d'industrie durant plusieurs années. En los últimos 30 años, Indonesia ha desarrollado una gran industria de procesamiento de madera sólida y es ahora el mayor exportador del mundo de paneles de madera. Esto ha ocurrido debido a una combinación de ventaja natural, comercio forestal y políticas industriales y las características del mercado de algunos de socios comerciales principales de Indonesia. Este artículo intenta describir como Indonesia se las arregló para llegar a esto, donde las políticas fueron exitosas y donde no fueron y cuales fueron los costos y beneficios de las políticas de desarrollo. Se concluye que alentar el procesamiento doméstico con bajos impuestos forestales y restricciones comerciales no es el modo más eficiente de desarrollar un sector de procesamiento competitivo. En segundo lugar, el desarrollo de la industria debería planificarse dentro del contexto de la disponibilidad futura de recursos forestales para sostener tal industria en el largo plazo.
This paper presents a forecast of the supply and demand for industrial wood and wood products to the year 2010 and three forecasts of future potential industrial roundwood supply from forest ...plantations to the year 2050. Overall wood supply and demand is expected to increase by about 25% from 1996 levels to just under 1.9 billion m³ in 2010. Of this, it is expected that the potential supply from forest plantations will increase from around one-quarter of total supply at present, to around one-third of total supply in 2010. Beyond this year, the importance of forest plantations to total wood supply is expected to continue to increase, but this will depend upon future rates of new planting. Other expected changes in future supply include the increased use of residues, recycled fibres and trees outside forests; and an increased scarcity of high value roundwood. Changes to the harvesting regimes used in natural forests and the introduction of new technology are the two factors most likely to affect these forecasts. Governments have some influence over future supply patterns and it is suggested that roundwood pricing (where this is set by the government), support to plantation establishment and human resource development are three priority areas that should be examined. Cet article contient des prévisions d'offre et de demande de bois d'oeuvre et de produits ligneux jusqu'en 2010 ainsi que trois évaluations des approvisionnements futurs de bois rond provenant des plantations forestières jusqu'en 2050. Ces chiffres révèlent que l'offre et la demande totales de bois devraient augmenter d'environ 25 % pour approcher 1,9 milliard de m3 en 2010. On prévoit que la part actuelle des plantations dans l'approvisionnement potentiel total passera d'environ un quart à prés d'un tiers en 2010. Par la suite, l'importance des plantations forestières dans les approvisionnements totaux de bois devrait continuer d'augmenter au rythme des plantations effectuées. On prévoit que les futurs approvisionnements connaîtront d'autres changements tels qu'une utilisation accrue de débris ligneux, de fibres recyclées et d'arbres non forestiers, ainsi qu'une rareté plus grande de bois rond de valeur élevée. Deux facteurs risquent d'affecter ces prévisions : l'évolution des méthodes de récolte dans les forêts naturelles et l'apparition de nouvelles technologies. Les gouvernements influant aussi dans une certaine mesure sur les futurs approvisionnements, on suggère d'étudier trois questions prioritaires : la fixation des prix du bois rond (si elle est du ressort du gouvernement), l'appui à l'établissement de plantations et le développement des ressources humaines.
This thesis explores the factors affecting the supply of and demand for two major outputs of forests in Britain: timber and opportunities for recreation. It also examines the recreation and landscape ...benefits of a recent policy initiative to expand the area of forests around towns (the Community Forest Initiative). Much of the thesis discusses the construction of models of supply and demand for these outputs, and a range of future supply and demand scenarios that were produced from them. It also shows how the models were used to appraise forestry policy in the areas of timber production, forest recreation and community forestry. This was done first by assessing the relative importance of various aspects of policy in light of the results of these models; then future directions for policy were appraised using the forecasting capabilities available in some of the models. The results of the modelling exercise were also used to critically examine some of the previous assumptions underlying forestry policy, as part of this process.
This thesis explores the factors affecting the supply of and demand for two major outputs of forests in Britain: timber and opportunities for recreation. It also examines the recreation and landscape ...benefits of a recent policy initiative to expand the area of forests around towns (the Community Forest Initiative). Much of the thesis discusses the construction of models of supply and demand for these outputs, and a range of future supply and demand scenarios that were produced from them. It also shows how the models were used to appraise forestry policy in the areas of timber production, forest recreation and community forestry. This was done first by assessing the relative importance of various aspects of policy in light of the results of these models; then future directions for policy were appraised using the forecasting capabilities available in some of the models. The results of the modelling exercise were also used to critically examine some of the previous assumptions underlying forestry policy, as part of this process.
These report overviews recent developments in the consumption and production of bioenergy. It examines the main issues and possible economic implications of these developments and assesses their ...potential impact on land use and the environment, especially with respect to forests. The report examines both solid biomass and liquid biofuels, identifying opportunities and challenges at the regional and country levels. The development of bioenergy presents both opportunities and challenges for economic development and the environment. It is likely to have significant impacts on the forest sector, directly, through the use of wood for energy production, and indirectly, as a result of changes in land use. The impact of bioenergy on poverty alleviation in developing countries will depend on the opportunities for agricultural development, including income and employment generation, the potential to increase poor peoples' access to improved types of bioenergy; and the effects on energy and food prices. Five main messages emerge from this report: solid biomass will continue to be a principal source of energy; developments in bioenergy will have major implications for land use; tradeoffs, including those related to poverty, equity, and the environment, must be evaluated when choosing a bioenergy system; there is considerable potential for making greater use of forestry and timber waste as a bioenergy feedstock; and the climate benefits of bioenergy development are uncertain and highly location and feedstock specific.
