mRNA for basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) was expressed in a series of SV40-transformed human mammary cell lines as molecules of 7.1, 3.6, 2.0 and 1.2 kb. This expression was much weaker in ...those lines of epithelial morphology than in myoepithelial-like cell lines derived from them. It was confirmed, using northern hybridization to single-stranded RNA probes, that the multiple mRNAs were transcribed from the coding strand for bFGF. bFGF activity was detected in extracts of the cells and the relative amounts of activity corresponded in general to the amounts of mRNA found. Similar results were obtained from spontaneously transformed cell lines derived from a human benign breast lesion. The presence of bFGF protein in the extracts was confirmed by western blotting, which showed a band of 18-19 kDa, migrating in the same position as authentic bFGF; in addition, the myoepithelial-like cells showed prominent bands of bFGF at 24 and 26 kDa. No FGF receptor was detectable by the binding of 125I-bFGF to the SV40-transformed cell lines or to the epithelial cell lines from the benign breast lesion, but both high- and low-affinity receptors were found on myoepithelial-like cells derived from the latter. The results indicate that differentiation to the human myoepithelial-like phenotype in culture is associated with the enhanced expression of bFGF, and it is suggested that bFGF, immunocytochemically detected in the basement membrane of the human breast, may arise, at least in part, from the myoepithelial cells of the mammary parenchyma.
Oncoplastic breast surgery – A guide to good practice On behalf of the Association of Breast Surgery at BASO, BAPRAS and the Training Interface Group in Breast Surgery
European journal of surgical oncology,
08/2007, Letnik:
33
Journal Article
Breast cancer patients who have had prior axillary lymph node clearance (ALNC) can present with ipsilateral hand conditions that could easily be treated with surgical intervention. These patients are ...often advised to avoid interventional procedures due to risks of complications such as lymphoedema, infection and cellulitis.
Between April and June 2009, we conducted an online survey of hand surgeons, breast surgeons and breast-care nurses to obtain their views on hand surgery after ipsilateral axillary lymph node clearance.
The majority of hand surgeons (58%) felt there was no contra-indication to surgery in a breast cancer patient with prior ipsilateral ALNC compared to just 30% of breast surgeons and 10% of breast-care nurses. The majority of breast surgeons and breast-care nurses (70% and 89%, respectively) felt that hand surgery was a relative contra-indication compared to just 41% of hand surgeons. Postoperative lymphoedema was the commonest cited reason for avoiding surgery. The majority of hand surgeons (79%) and nearly two-thirds of breast surgeons (57%) would use a tourniquet during surgery if it was normal practice.
A review of the published literature does not support the notion that these patients experience increased complications; therefore, we recommend the advice given to breast cancer patients regarding ipsilateral surgery be re-evaluated.
William Briggs, MD, established himself as one of the first ophthalmic physicians, whom today we would call a neuro-ophthalmologist, to practice in the United Kingdom. After graduating with an MD ...from Cambridge in 1677, and while a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, he carried out original studies in visual anatomy and physiology. He described and named the optic papilla and the retinal nerve fibers in his book
Ophthalmographia, published in 1676. He published his
New Theory of Vision in 1682. While at Cambridge, he was a contemporary and a friend of Isaac Newton, with whom Briggs worked but who, in matters of visual anatomy and physiology, came to reach different conclusions from Briggs. In 1683, Briggs came to London to practice as a physician at St. Thomas' Hospital, where he established a considerable reputation as an ophthalmologist. For political reasons he was forced to resign from the Hospital prematurely.
The thesis covers the critical theories of eight;
English critics of the nineteenth century: Wordsworth,;
Coleridge, Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey, Arnold, Pater, and;
Wilde. I have first defined the ...personal estimate as;
"that estimate of art in which the nature of the critic;
as an individual man has influenced his judgment.” I;
recognize that all criticism mast have something of the;
personal estimate in it, hut the true critic will, as;
much as possible, cleanse his criticism of it in order to;
reveal the nature of the work of art as in itself it really;
is. I have then analyzed the theories of Wordsworth and;
Coleridge in order to indicate that the basis on which;
they established Romantic criticism is one of personal;
emotion-first in the poet, and then in the reader and personal pleasure. In the theories of Lamb, Hazlitt,;
and De Quincey I have traced the development of impressionism;
in Romantic criticism, and the degree to which;
that impressionism leads these three men to a personal;
estimate of literature. In Arnold's theories I have;
analyzed his concept of poetry as a criticism of life,;
and indicated the way in which that concept leads Arnold;
to a recognition that although the critic must first feel;
the emotional effects of poetry, his ultimate aim must be;
to see the object as in itself it really is. I have then;
turned to the theories of Pater and suggested that although he bases his theories on impressions he recognizes that;
the experiencing of impressions alone is not the critic's;
sole aim: the critic must contemplate his impressions in;
order to arrive at a perception of the essence of a work,;
and, in the case of a great work of art, a perception of;
the ideals of life which it embodies. And I have last;
considered the theories of Wilde who also builds on impressions,;
but believes the end of criticism to be like;
poetry itself the communication of one man's emotional;
response, in this case the critic's response to a work of;
art: whether or not that response represents a balanced;
appreciation of the work itself does not matter.;
From the survey of the theories of these eight men I;
have arrived at the conclusion that all follow the right;
path when they recognize the importance of the personal;
response in criticism. Some, however, lose sight of;
their duty as critics when they allow their own experience;
of life to colour their response and offer a purely personal;
estimate of a work as criticism. The greatest of;
the eight - Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Arnold - recognize;
that in criticism we must see the poet's poem and not;
our own. Only by doing so can we arrive at a real estimate.
Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate
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