ETYMOLOGICAL REMARKS. PART V: Postverbal derivatives of the type indas, pergas, išeiga SummaryCertain two-syllable Lithuanian nouns at first glance seem to be primary formations, but in fact they are ...not. Cf. pãdas like vãdas, pradžià like vadžià,, pardà like vadà, ãpstas like mãstas, próga like úoga, etc. What separates these quasiprimary words is the presence of the prefixes pa-, pra-, par-, ap-, pro-. Pursuant to this observation it has been proposed to etymologize the Lithuanian words with the help of a model suggested by Vedic composita with a final zero-grade root member, e.g. duḥ-sth-a-, su-ṣṭh-u-etc. Applied to the Lithuanian material, this hypothesis yields the following analyses: pa-d-as, pra-d-jā with -d- from */dhh1V-/ related to */dheh1/ „put“; par-d-a, with -d- from */dh3-V-/ to */deh3-/ „give“, ap-st-as, with -st- from */sth2-V-/ to */steh2-/ „stand“; pro-g-a, with -g- from */gwh2-V-/ to */gweh27 „go”. The problem, however, is: (1) the Vedic material offers no parallel for adding preverbs to the zero grade of a verbal root to form a nomen compositum, (2) the compounds quoted from Vedic with su- and dus- are rather rare in other ancient languages, and in Balto-Slavic are not attested at all (apart from the hypothetical instances mentioned here). Hence we should look at the quasiprimary Lithuanian words from another angle. The author’s suggestion is that they are postverbal derivatives formed by replacing the verbal suffixes -ė(ti), -uo(ti) or -o(ti) by the nominal suffixes -a-, -ā-, -jā-, -ė-. Cf. pad-as <= padė-ti, pradžia <= pradė-ti, pard-a <= pard-uoti, apst-as <= apst-oti, prog-a <= prag-oti. The most important point is that the verbal bases in -ėti, -uoti, -oti shown in the schema appeared in Lithuanian secondarily, i.e. as a result of resegmentation of etymologic bases (1) whose infinitive had the suffix zero + -ti, and (2) whose theme was compounded with a preverb, namely pa-dė-, par-duo-, ар-sto-, pra-go-. The author assumes that resegmentation in preverb compounds with the roots di-, duo-, sto-, go- must have taken place under the (synchronic) pressure of secondary verbs in -ėti, -uoti, -oti, which also gave the pattern for retrograde postverbal derivation, cf. e.g. žadėti => žad-as, nežad-as; byl-oti => byl-a. The hypothesis of postverbal derivation from preverb compounds also convincingly explains a number of other quasiprimary nouns, e.g. samd-as from samd-yti <= sam-dyti (:: semti), tard-ai from tard-yti <= tar-dyti (reanalysis of the causative infinitive in -dyti according to the pattern of the more frequent verbs in -yti). These, however, will be presented elsewhere.
ETYMOLOGICAL REMARKS IV: váikščioti SummaryDescriptively, Lith. váikščioti (-ioja) „walk, stroll, pace” may be analysed as váik-ščioti (ci. vỹkti, -sta „go, make one’s way”, veĩkti, -ia „do act, ...operate”) that seems to have substituted for older *vaik-čioti owing to reanalysis of forms where -š- was part of a root.Diachronically, in view of dial. váikštyti (váikšto) „walk, stroll, pace” < *vaikstyti (s > š after k), originally a causative from iš-vykstù „I go away, leave, depart”, it is likely that 3 p. praes. *vaikst-i̯a > *vaikščia served as a basis for váikščioja, váikščioti, an iterative with the suffix -oti.
full article, abstract in Polish; abstract in Lithuanian and English
The Belarusian words atósa and atós (‘iron rod or rope connecting the axle of the front wheels with the shaft’) are not due to the ...reshaping of the Lithuanian loanword atãsėja id., as has been hitherto assumed. These words were borrowed from the East Lithuanian dialect, where the forms atasà and atãsas have been recently uncovered and the phonetic correspondence to the Belarusian imports of whose is exact. The difference between atãsėja and atasà/atãsas is due to an East Lithuanian innovation: atãsėja was metanalyzed as atas-ėja and was then subject to backformation, which produced two variant dialectal reflexes: atas- + -a and atas- + -as.
статья и аннотация на польском, аннотации на английском и литовском языках
Wyrazy błr. atósa i atós ‘żelazny pręt lub sznur łączący osie przednich kół z dyszlem’ nie są przekształceniami zapożyczenia litewskiego o formie atãsėja ts., jak to dotąd przyjmowano. Wyrazy te zostały zapożyczone z dialektu wschodnio-litewskiego, w którym odnaleziono niedawno formy atasà i atãsas, co do brzmienia dokładnie odpowiadające białoruskim importom. Różnica między atãsėja i atasà/atãsas tłumaczy się innowacją po stronie dialektu wschodnio-litewskiego: atãsėja uległa metanalizie na atas-ėja, a następnie derywacji wstecznej, która wydała dwie oboczne kontynuacje gwarowe: atas- + -a i atas- + -as.
статья и аннотация на польском, аннотации на английском и литовском языках Wyrazy błr. atósa i atós ‘żelazny pręt lub sznur łączący osie przednich kół z dyszlem’ nie są przekształceniami zapożyczenia ...litewskiego o formie atãsėja ts., jak to dotąd przyjmowano. Wyrazy te zostały zapożyczone z dialektu wschodnio-litewskiego, w którym odnaleziono niedawno formy atasà i atãsas, co do brzmienia dokładnie odpowiadające białoruskim importom. Różnica między atãsėja i atasà/atãsas tłumaczy się innowacją po stronie dialektu wschodnio-litewskiego: atãsėja uległa metanalizie na atas-ėja, a następnie derywacji wstecznej, która wydała dwie oboczne kontynuacje gwarowe: atas- + -a i atas- + -as.
The Belarusian words atósa and atós (‘iron rod or rope connecting the axle of the
front wheels with the shaft’) are not due to the reshaping of the Lithuanian loanword
atãsėja id., as has been ...hitherto assumed. These words were borrowed from the East
Lithuanian dialect, where the forms atasà and atãsas have been recently uncovered and the phonetic correspondence to the Belarusian imports of whose is exact. The difference between atãsėja and atasà/atãsas is due to an East Lithuanian innovation: atãsėja was metanalyzed as atas-ėja and was then subject to backformation, which produced two variant dialectal reflexes: atas- + -a and atas- + -as.
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