Aims
To assess the overall relative risk of diabetes in individuals with prediabetes based on updated diagnostic criteria, as compared with individuals with normoglycaemia; and to identify the study ...characteristics associated with the heterogeneity between studies.
Design
Meta‐analysis, meta‐regression.
Data sources
PubMed, CINAHL, British Nursing Index. Search time frame: December 1998–December 2018.
Review Methods
The pooled relative risk of developing diabetes among individuals with prediabetes compared with those with normoglycaemia was calculated under a random effects model. Studies reported the natural progression from prediabetes to diabetes were included in this review. Sources of study heterogeneity were examined by a meta‐regression.
Results
Fifty‐nine eligible studies were systematically identified. The pooled relative risk for diabetes among individuals with prediabetes as compared with normoglycaemia was 5.88 (95% CI: 5.02‐6.89). The annualized incidence rate (per 1,000 person‐year) for diabetes among individuals with prediabetes defined by different criteria varied from 2.20–212.15, with high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 96.64%, Q test: p < .001). In the multivariable meta‐regression analysis, Asian population significantly increased RR compare to Caucasians. Besides, people with ‘elevated glycated haemoglobin A1c or impaired fasting glucose’ had highest relative risk compare to people with other types of prediabetes.
Conclusion
Individuals with prediabetes had higher risk of developing diabetes than those with normoglycaemia. Races and diagnostic criteria of prediabetes were associated with the magnitude of the estimated risk.
Impact
Prediabetes is a precursor of diabetes. To screen people with prediabetes as early as possible, practitioners could consider haemoglobin A1c test as an alternative to fasting plasma glucose test. Nurses should educate people especially Asians with prediabetes for the prevention of progression to diabetes.
摘要
目的
根据更新的诊断标准,与正常血糖的个体相比,评估糖尿病前期个体患糖尿病的总体相对风险;并确定与研究间异质性相关的研究特征。
设计
荟萃分析、荟萃回归。
数据来源
PubMed、CINAHL、英国护理学索引。搜索时间范围:1998年12月至2018年12月。
审查方法
在随机效应模型下,计算了与正常血糖个体相比,糖尿病前期个体患糖尿病的合并相对风险度。研究报告指出,从糖尿病前期发展为糖尿病的自然发展被纳入本审查中。通过荟萃回归检查了研究的异质性来源。
结果
系统化地确定了59项符合条件的研究。与正常血糖个体相比,糖尿病前期个体患糖尿病的合并相对风险度为5.88(95%置信区间:5.02‐6.89)。按不同标准定义的糖尿病前期个体的糖尿病年发病率(每1000人‐年)在2.20‐212.15不等,研究间异质性较高(I2=96.64%,Q检验:P<.001)。在多变量荟萃回归分析中,与白种人相比,亚洲人的相对风险度显著增加。此外,‘糖化血红蛋白A1c升高或空腹血糖受损’的人群与其他类型的糖尿病前期人群相比,相对风险度最高。
结论
糖尿病前期个体患糖尿病的风险血糖正常个体。糖尿病前期的个体类别和诊断标准与估计的风险量级有关。
影响
糖尿病前期是糖尿病的前兆。为了尽早筛查糖尿病前期人群,医生可以考虑用血红蛋白A1c测试来代替空腹血糖检测。护士应提醒人们,尤其是糖尿病前期的亚洲人,以防止发展成糖尿病。
Purpose
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an increasingly critical outcome of chronic illness care. However, its disease-independent attributes, particularly its spiritual resilient ...indicators, for people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have not been explicitly examined. This study aimed to (i) assess the associations between psychological distress, spiritual resilience and HRQOL, and (ii) examine the mediating effects of spiritual resilience on psychological distress and HRQOL amongst individuals with PD.
Methods
This is a secondary data analysis of the baseline data of a clinical trial that involved 138 individuals with PD. The subjects completed a structured questionnaire assessing psychological distress in terms of anxiety and depression, spiritual resilience in terms of perceived affliction and perceived equanimity, severity of motor symptoms and disease-specific HRQOL.
Results
Analysis by independent t test suggested that distressed individuals with PD demonstrated less spiritual resilience and presented poorer HRQOL than non-distressed individuals with PD. Multiple linear regression models revealed that high emotional distress was associated with low spiritual resilience and poor HRQOL. The mediation analysis found that after simultaneously controlling for the degree of perceived affliction and perceived equanimity, a significant reduction was observed in the direct effect between psychological distress and HRQOL. This result indicated the partially mediating roles of perceived affliction and equanimity in the pathways between psychological distress and HRQOL.
Conclusion
In order to enhance HRQOL, PD interventions should address the spiritual resilience of patients in addition to providing psychological care and physical relief of symptoms.
Waterpipe smoking has gained global popularity in recent years, especially among young people. However, there is a lack of empirical investigation into waterpipe smoking in East Asia. This study ...aimed to investigate the demographical and psycho-social characteristics and patterns of waterpipe smoking (WPS) among university students in Hong Kong.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted via online questionnaires administered to 1288 Hong Kong university students (mean age: 22.4 SD = 3.8). Logistic regressions were used to compute adjusted odd ratios (aOR) for waterpipe ever-smoking in relation to respondents' characteristics. Moreover, multinomial logistic regression yielded adjusted RR (aRR) for four different smoking status (i.e., never, waterpipe-only, cigarette-only, and dual smoking) regarding the characteristics.
23.8% of participants reported having ever smoked a waterpipe (vs. cigarette ever-smoking: 21.1%). Factors including being female (aOR:1.57; 95% CI: 1.22-2.02), older age (≥24 years: 4.17; 1.35-12.93), frequent alcohol consumption (>monthly: 26.02; 10.91-62.09), and higher sensation-seeking behaviours (high level: 2.98;1.46-6.08) were associated with waterpipe ever-smokers. The study also identified that demographical and psycho-social characteristics were variably associated with students' smoking status. Particularly, more frequent alcohol consumption was most significantly associated with waterpipe-only smoking (aRR:45.73; 95% CI:11.44-182.73) (vs. cigarette-only smoking: 3.01; 1.76-5.14).
WPS is the most common form of tobacco smoking among university students in Hong Kong, and characteristics unique to the population were identified. There is no legislation of relevant policies on WPS despite its concerning significance in public health among young people, therefore immediate action to monitor and control WPS is needed in Hong Kong.
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak exacerbated workplace violence and turnover intention among nurses, particularly affecting greater levels of psychological distress. This study aimed ...to examine psychological distress as a mediator of the relationship between workplace violence and turnover intention among clinical nurses, and to investigate whether caring for patients with COVID-19 moderates this relationship through the lens of the affective events theory. We conducted an online survey of 325 Korean registered nurses (mean age = 30.75; female = 92.6%) who work in clinical settings between August and October 2021 using the convenience sampling method. Psychological distress was measured using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and workplace violence using one dichotomous item adopted from the Workplace violence questionnaire. We measured turnover intention using the six-item Anticipated Turnover Scale. Caring for patients with COVID-19 was determined using one dichotomous item. The research hypotheses assume that the relationship between workplace violence and turnover intention could be mediated by psychological distress and moderated by caring for patients with COVID-19 among Korean nurses. We performed a moderated mediation analysis with workplace violence as the independent variable, turnover intention as the dependent variable, psychological distress as a potential mediator, and caring for patients with COVID-19 as a potential moderator. The analysis revealed that nurses' psychological distress among 308 nurses had a statistically significant mediating effect on the relationship between workplace violence and turnover intention. Furthermore, caring for patients with COVID-19 had a significant further moderating effect on this relationship. These findings highlight the need for psychological support services for clinical nurses at institutional and organizational levels amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It is hoped that these findings can contribute to the development of tailored interventions for nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 to attenuate their psychological distress in a timely and effective manner.
Objective
To explore factors associated with depression and COVID‐19 related fear among pregnant women and new mothers.
Design
A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in China from July 2020 to July ...2021.
Sample
A total of 3027 pregnant and new mothers were recruited.
Measurement
Sociodemographic characteristics and the perceptions of the COVID‐19 pandemic were collected. The Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and the Fear Scale was used to assess the depressive and fear level towards the COVID‐19 pandemic, respectively.
Results
Approximately 17.2% of the participants had depression (PHQ‐9 ≥10). In Hong Kong, participants who perceived that they have increased knowledge to prevent infection were less likely to have depression (adjusted odds ratio aOR = 0.83; 95% confidence interval CI = 0.74–0.94). There was no association between perceived severity if infected and severity of spread and the depression level in our sample. An inverse relationship was found between the COVID‐19 related fear level and perceived knowledge to prevent infection (Beta‐coefficient β = ‐0.20; 95% CI = ‐0.38 to ‐0.02).
Conclusion
Public health nurses need to promote accurate and up to date COVID‐19 related information at clinical and community settings and implement effective screening for depression and fear symptoms to identify these high‐risk groups to improve women's psychological well‐being.
This study was a psychometric validation of a Korean version of the Anticipated Turnover Scale (ATS) involving translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation. We used data from a ...cross‐sectional online survey of 287 Korean practicing nurses in hospitals. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the validity of the one‐factor structure that was hypothesized in the original version. We removed any items that did not enhance the scale's reliability and validity. Test and retest reliability was performed on 206 of the nurses who completed the survey again two weeks later. The mean age of the 287 nurses was 33 years, and 278 (97%) of them were female. The final 6‐item Korean version of the ATS demonstrated a satisfactory model fit in the CFA (χ2 = 22.67; degree of freedom = 9; goodness‐of‐fit index= 0.97; comparative fit index = 0.98; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.97; root mean square error of approximation = 0.07; and standard root mean residual = 0.03). The intraclass correlation coefficient with the test–retest reliability for the 2‐week interval was 0.81, with a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85; McDonald's omega coefficient reliability = 0.92). The 6‐item revised ATS is a reliable and valid scale to assess the turnover intention of Korean nurses who work in hospitals. It can be used in an acute setting and predict the anticipated turnover rate for monitoring purposes.
Abstract
Background
Workplace violence has had a significant and negative psychological impact on nursing professionals worldwide. Concerted worldwide efforts to improve work environments have not ...yet removed nursing professionals from the threat of violence. It is highly essential to conduct comparative research in various working environments where the nurses of each country have unique experiences of workplace violence. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the rate, associated factors, and post-traumatic responses to workplace violence between South Korean and Chinese nurses in Hong Kong among East Asian countries.
Methods
A cross-sectional, correlational study design recruited a total of 471 registered nurses (319 South Korean nurses and 152 Chinese nurses in Hong Kong; overall response rate = 78.5%) at online communities in South Korea and Hong Kong. The data were collected by conducting a Qualtrics survey from January 15, 2020, to July 24, 2021. A structured questionnaire was administered for data collection, including rate of workplace violence, perception of workplace violence, attitudes toward workplace violence, coping styles, post-traumatic cognitions, post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic growth, and mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, and stress). T-test, chi-squared, and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted.
Results
In our sample, 30.7% South Korean nurses and 31.6% Chinese nurses in Hong Kong had experienced workplace violence. South Korean and Chinese nurses in Hong Kong with experience of workplace violence had lower perceptions of it. Nurses with experience of workplace violence reported lower levels of mental health, and this trend was more prominent among South Korean nurses.
Conclusions
Our study findings showed a positive association between workplace violence and post-traumatic responses in both settings. We found that the close monitoring of post-traumatic responses associated with workplace violence could be improved by enhancing nurses’ perception of workplace violence.
Accessible Summary
What is known on the subject?
The importance of and interest in nurses’ attitudes towards and subjective experience with workplace violence in clinical settings is increasing.
The ...prevalence of patient‐perpetrated violence against Korean nurses in hospital settings is highly prevalent.
Only few instruments are available to measure the nurses’ perception of patient aggression in Korea.
What the paper adds to existing knowledge?
This is the first study to assess the linguistic and psychometric reliability and validity of an instrument that evaluates the attitude of Korean nursing staff towards patient‐perpetrated workplace violence.
What are the implications for practice?
This valid and reliable instrument could be used to assess and monitor the nurses’ attitudes towards aggressive tendencies in the workplace.
The results could contribute to the development of relevant interventions for coping with violence by patients towards nursing staff and the implementation of practical training to cultivate healthy perceptions towards patients to foster therapeutic nurse–patient relationships.
Introduction
Despite the high prevalence of patient‐perpetrated violence against Korean nurses globally, reliable and valid measures of patient aggression are lacking in Korean.
Aim
We translated the 12‐item Perception of Aggression Scale (POAS) into Korean and psychometrically assessed its utility in measuring nurses’ attitudes towards aggression.
Methods
The 12‐item Korean POAS was obtained through forward–backward translation and cognitive debriefing. It was administered online to 319 nurses (mean age = 32.64 years; females = 96.2%), of which 206 completed it again after two weeks. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the 3‐factor structure as hypothesized in the original version. The intra‐class correlation coefficient was used to assess the test–retest reliability.
Results
The originally hypothesized 3‐factor structure showed a good fit. The 3 dimensions: aggression as a dysfunctional or undesirable phenomenon, aggression as a functional or comprehensible phenomenon, and aggression as a protective measure had internal consistencies of 0.74, 0.86 and 0.90 and corresponding ICCs of 0.70, 0.86 and 0.90, respectively.
Discussion
The 12‐item Korean POAS is a valid and reliable scale that might aid investigating nurses’ attitudes towards patient aggression.
Implications for practice
The 12‐item Korean POAS can help Korean nurses adopt protective behaviours and develop interventions to cope with aggression.
Investigating the oral care delivered by nursing staff in acute hospital setting is having a remarkable shortage within the current literature. This was provoked due to lack of previous performed ...investigation in the acute hospital setting besides inconsistent existence of a standardized and comprehensive oral care knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) instrumentation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the oral care KAP level for inpatients among nursing staff; to identify possible barriers to the provision of oral care; and to identify training preferences to improve the oral care of inpatients, in acute hospital settings in Hong Kong; and to provide standardized comprehensive KAP based assessment tool that would benefit and guide other future studies. In this study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted after a 55-item self-administered structured questionnaire was developed. A modified KAP tool was developed. The tool includes 4 domains: oral care knowledge, attitude, practice, and experience. Nursing staff was recruited from July 2018 to April 2019 via convenience sampling. Either online or printed questionnaires were completed. Proportions of nursing staff with good KAP, as defined by having 60% of the total score in the respective domain, were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analysis of covariance was used to compare the mean scores of KAP among different independent variables and identify the factors associated with good KAP. 404 nursing staff were recruited. Approximately 29.5%, 33.7% and 14.9% of the respondents had good oral care knowledge, attitude and practice, respectively, and 53.2% of the respondents had unpleasant oral care experience. Better oral care practice was associated with higher levels of oral care knowledge (β = 0.1) and oral care attitude (β = 0.3). To conclude: nursing staff in acute hospital settings reported low levels of oral care KAP with variations between the RN, EN and HCA. This study adds to the literature the association between oral care unpleasant experiences and the oral care practice, as well as oral care knowledge and attitude which also in turns associated with practice. The developed standardised tool could be applied for future studies. Recommendations on the future research, training and practices were made.
Attitude towards condom use is an important predictor of consistent condom use. However, this topic is an understudied area in Chinese populations, and no validated Chinese instrument is available to ...capture condom attitude. To fill this research gap, the present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (MCAS) and assessed the attitudes towards condom use amongst Chinese adults aged 18-29 years old.
In this cross-sectional study, a total of 500 people aged 18-29 years old were randomly recruited in Hong Kong. The primary outcome was the attitude towards condom use as measured by the UCLA MCAS. Factor structure, internal construct validity, known-group validity and internal consistency were assessed.
Instead of the five-factor structure designed by the original developers of the MCAS questionnaire, this study proposed a novel six-factor scale: (1) Reliability and Effectiveness, (2) Excitement, (3) Displeasure, (4) Identity Stigma, (5) Embarrassment about Negotiation and (6) Embarrassment about Purchase. The internal construct validity and reliability of the new scale were high. The revised MCAS could differentiate between subgroups, including gender, sexual orientation and sexual experience. In terms of attitudes, over 40% of the participants believed that condoms are not reliable, though the vast majority of the sample did not perceive any stigma related to condom use. In addition, more than half (55.4%) of the respondents felt embarrassed to be seen when buying condoms while a quarter (25.8%) felt uncomfortable buying condoms at all.
Overall, the psychometric analysis found that attitude to condom use is culturally specific. The study also highlighted the need for more public health campaigns and interventions to help people cope with the embarrassment of purchasing condoms.
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