The unparalleled velocity achieved by overhead throwers subjects the shoulder to extreme forces, resulting in both adaptive changes and pathologic findings that can be detected at imaging. A key ...biomechanical principle of throwing is achieving maximum external rotation, which initially leads to adaptive changes that may result in a pathologic cascade of injuries. In addition to the well-established concepts of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and internal impingement, osseous and soft-tissue injuries of the shoulder unique to overhead athletes are illustrated. The epidemiology and biomechanics of throwing injuries are reviewed, and examples from the authors' institutional experience with competitive, collegiate, and professional baseball players are provided to demonstrate the constellation of unique imaging findings seen in overhead throwing athletes. Given the widespread popularity of baseball, and other sports relying on overhead throwing motions at all playing levels from recreational to professional, it is important for radiologists in various practice settings to be familiar with the special mechanisms, locations, and types of shoulder injuries seen in the overhead throwing population.
RSNA, 2018.
Abstract
The long-term temperature response to a given change in CO
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forcing, or Earth-system sensitivity (ESS), is a key parameter quantifying our understanding about the relationship between ...changes in Earth’s radiative forcing and the resulting long-term Earth-system response. Current ESS estimates are subject to sizable uncertainties. Long-term carbon cycle models can provide a useful avenue to constrain ESS, but previous efforts either use rather informal statistical approaches or focus on discrete paleoevents. Here, we improve on previous ESS estimates by using a Bayesian approach to fuse deep-time CO
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and temperature data over the last 420 Myrs with a long-term carbon cycle model. Our median ESS estimate of 3.4 °C (2.6-4.7 °C; 5-95% range) shows a narrower range than previous assessments. We show that weaker chemical weathering relative to the a priori model configuration via reduced weatherable land area yields better agreement with temperature records during the Cretaceous. Research into improving the understanding about these weathering mechanisms hence provides potentially powerful avenues to further constrain this fundamental Earth-system property.
Water isotope‐enabled climate and earth system models are able to directly simulate paleoclimate proxy records to aid in climate reconstruction. A less used major advantage is that water ...isotopologues provide an independent constraint on many atmospheric and hydrologic processes, allowing the model to be developed and tuned in a more physically accurate way. This paper describes the new isotope‐enabled CAM5 model, including its isotopic physics routines, and its ability to simulate the modern distribution of water isotopologues in vapor and precipitation. It is found that the model has a negative isotopic bias in precipitation. This bias is partially attributed to model overestimates of deep convection, particularly over the midlatitude oceans during winter. This was determined by examining isotope ratios both in precipitation and vapor, instead of precipitation alone. This enhanced convective activity depletes the isotopic water vapor in the lower troposphere, where the majority of poleward moisture transport occurs, resulting in the insufficient transport of water isotopologue mass poleward and landward. This analysis also demonstrates that large‐scale dynamical or moisture source changes can impact isotopologue values as much as local shifts in temperature or precipitation amount. The diagnosis of limitations in the large‐scale transport characteristics has major implications if one is using isotope‐enabled climate models to examine paleoclimate proxy records, as well as the modern global hydroclimate.
Key Points
Water isotope physics has been added to version 5 of the Community Atmosphere Model
Water isotopes can differentiate the causes of a model's hydrologic biases
Water isotopes are sensitive to atmospheric convection and moisture transport
When researchers complete a manuscript, they need to choose a journal to which they will submit the study. This decision requires to navigate trade-offs between multiple objectives. One objective is ...to share the new knowledge as widely as possible. Citation counts can serve as a proxy to quantify this objective. A second objective is to minimize the time commitment put into sharing the research, which may be estimated by the total time from initial submission to final decision. A third objective is to minimize the number of rejections and resubmissions. Thus, researchers often consider the trade-offs between the objectives of (i) maximizing citations, (ii) minimizing time-to-decision, and (iii) minimizing the number of resubmissions. To complicate matters further, this is a decision with multiple, potentially conflicting, decision-maker rationalities. Co-authors might have different preferences, for example about publishing fast versus maximizing citations. These diverging preferences can lead to conflicting trade-offs between objectives. Here, we apply a multi-objective decision analytical framework to identify the Pareto-front between these objectives and determine the set of journal submission pathways that balance these objectives for three stages of a researcher's career. We find multiple strategies that researchers might pursue, depending on how they value minimizing risk and effort relative to maximizing citations. The sequences that maximize expected citations within each strategy are generally similar, regardless of time horizon. We find that the "conditional impact factor"-impact factor times acceptance rate-is a suitable heuristic method for ranking journals, to strike a balance between minimizing effort objectives and maximizing citation count. Finally, we examine potential co-author tension resulting from differing rationalities by mapping out each researcher's preferred Pareto front and identifying compromise submission strategies. The explicit representation of trade-offs, especially when multiple decision-makers (co-authors) have different preferences, facilitates negotiations and can support the decision process.
Water sensitive cities show how holistic approaches can counter the health and wellbeing problems associated with urban dryness, write Tony Wong, Nigel Tapper, and Stephen Luby
There is a growing awareness that uncertainties surrounding future sea-level projections may be much larger than typically perceived. Recently published projections appear widely divergent and highly ...sensitive to non-trivial model choices
Moreover, the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) may be much less stable than previous believed, enabling a rapid disintegration. Here, we present a set of probabilistic sea-level projections that approximates the deeply uncertain WAIS contributions. The projections aim to inform robust decisions by clarifying the sensitivity to non-trivial or controversial assumptions. We show that the deeply uncertain WAIS contribution can dominate other uncertainties within decades. These deep uncertainties call for the development of robust adaptive strategies. These decision-making needs, in turn, require mission-oriented basic science, for example about potential signposts and the maximum rate of WAIS-induced sea-level changes.
In this paper, a comparative study of the path plan-ning problem using evolutionary algorithms, in comparison with classical methods such as the A8 algorithm, is presented for a holonomic mobile ...robot. The configured navigation system, which consists of the integration of sensors sources, map formatting, global and local path planners, and the base control-ler, aims to enable the robot to follow the shortest smooth path delicately. Grid-based mapping is used for scoring paths effi-ciently, allowing the determination of collision-free trajectories from the initial to the target position. This work considers the evolutionary algorithms, the mutated cuckoo optimization al-gorithm (MCOA) and the genetic algorithm (GA), as a global planner to find the shortest safe path among others. A non-uni-form motion coefficient is introduced for MCOA in order to in-crease the performance of this algorithm. A series of experi-ments are accomplished and analyzed to confirm the perform-ance of the global planner implemented on a holonomic mobile robot. The results of the experiments show the capacity of the planner framework with respect to the path planning problem under various obstacle layouts.
A positive integer n is a super totient number if the set of positive integers less than n and relatively prime to n can be partitioned into two sets of equal sum. In this article, we give a complete ...classification of super totient numbers. We also utilize super totient numbers to consider graph labelings. Let G be a graph with vertex set V and edge set E. For every injective vertex labeling f:V→N, define f∗:E→N and f+:E→N such that f∗(uv)=f(u)f(v) and f+(uv)=f(u)+f(v). We say f is a super totient labeling if f∗(uv) is a super totient number for every uv∈E. Moreover, if the range of a super totient labeling f is {1,2,…,|V|}, then f is said to be a restricted super totient labeling. The concept of super totient numbers was first introduced in 2017 by Mahmood and Ali, and they showed that every graph admits a super totient labeling. We classify all restricted super totient complete bipartite graphs, trees, wheel graphs, and friendship graphs. Furthermore, we introduce the sum index of a graph G, which is the minimum positive integer k such that there exists an injective vertex labeling f of G with the cardinality of the range of f+ being k. We show that the sum index is related to the concept of super totient labelings, and we determine the sum index of complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and certain families of trees such as caterpillar graphs.
IgG4-related disease is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory condition that affects multiple organ systems. When the pachymeninges are involved, it is termed IgG4-related hypertrophic ...pachymeningitis (IgG4-RHP). We present a 79-year-old woman with back pain found to have IgG4-RHP localized exclusively in the spine who was also seropositive for myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA). This case is the first known report of IgG4-RHP in the spine with MPO-ANCA and adds to emerging evidence for potential disease overlap in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic pachymenigitis (HP). We believe that increased awareness of this disease will result in an early diagnosis and initiation of life changing treatment.
•IgG4-related disease is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory condition that affects multiple organ systems and is called hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) when it affects the pachymeninges.•The mass effect of focal or diffuse pachymeningeal thickening in HP compresses vessels, brain, or spinal parenchyma and causes the patient's symptoms.•This case is the first known report of IgG4- related hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IgG4-RHP) in the spine with MPO-ANCA and adds to emerging evidence for potential disease overlap in the pathogenesis of HP.
Alice and Bob take turns to collect chips in the following manner. In each turn, Alice tosses a fair coin, which decides whether she collects a or b chips, where a and b are positive integers. If ...Alice collects a chips, then Bob collects b chips, and vice versa. We consider two variants of game play that have different rules in determining the winner. Namely, the winner of Game 1 is the first player to collect at least n chips, while the winner of Game 2 is the first player to collect a positive number of chips congruent to 0 modulo n. We fully determine the formula for the winning probabilities of each player in Game 1, and determine the best and worst case scenarios in terms of winning probabilities in Game 2.
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