The study investigates thin-walled steel elements in a form of openwork beams with holes described by variable geometrical parameters. The specimens are modeled numerically and additionally subjected ...to axial compression in order to examine the critical and post-critical behavior of the thin-walled profiles. The models of profiles are propped articulatedly on the edges of the cross-section in the upper and lower parts. The numerical analysis investigates only the problem of non-linear stability of these structures. The FEM analysis is stopped at the moment when the compressed profiles achieve the yield stress in order to determine their loss of stability without undesired strains. The numerical computations are performed using the ABAQUS® program to investigate the impact of diameter variability in the thin-walled profiles with holes under allowable operational loads. The numerical investigation was performed only with respect to elastic work, ensuring the stability of thin-walled structures.
Celem artykułu jest zobrazowanie dyskusji na ziemiach polskich na temat rodowodu ludzkości, których inspiratorem był Charles Darwin i kontynuatorzy jego myśli. Teoria ewolucji zmieniła sposób ...myślenia o człowieku, który traktowany był dotąd jako „korona stworzenia”. Główną oś niniejszego tekstu stanowi analiza recepcji prac Darwina poprzez pryzmat sporów nad rodowodem człowieka, tym samym więc rozwój nauki na ziemiach polskich w XIX wieku. Problematyka ta znalazła swoje odzwierciedlenie w naukowej (a także popularyzującej wiedzę) polskiej prasie doby zaborów. Przełom w myśleniu o człowieku polegał na odejściu od koncepcji kreacjonistycznej, uznającej wolę Stwórcy w powstaniu świata oraz na zakwestionowaniu dogmatu niezmienności gatunków. Pod wpływem teorii Darwina, nie bez polemik, wywiedziono wniosek o decydującej roli czynników naturalnych w powstaniu świata ludzkiego i jego zróżnicowania. Najbardziej kontrowersyjną tezą było uznanie pokrewieństwa człowieka z małpą. Budziła ona sprzeciw sfer konserwatywnych. Sam Darwin nie wyprowadzał tak bezpośredniego rodowodu. Natomiast jego następcy kusili się o często kontrowersyjne koncepcje, które również znalazły odzwierciedlenie w polskim czasopiśmiennictwie poprzez recepcję nauki zachodniej. Należy zaznaczyć, że pisma popularnonaukowe były ważnym źródłem informacji ze świata nauki i wywarły znaczący wpływ na postrzeganie teorii ewolucji pośród masowego odbiorcy. Często uprzystępniały one wiadomości na temat teorii Darwina oraz przedstawiały stan badań. Czyniły to w sposób wyważony i kompetentny. Ich autorami byli uznani polscy uczeni. W rezultacie więc, to całokształt dostępnych informacji zadecydował o upowszechnieniu teorii Darwina pośród polskiego społeczeństwa.
The aim of the article is to illustrate the discussions in Poland on the ancestry of humanity, which were inspired by Charles Darwin and his followers. The theory of evolution has changed the way of thinking about humans, who were previously treated as the ‘crown of creation’. The core of this text is the analysis of the reception of Darwin’s theses through the prism of the disputes over human’s lineage, and thus the development of science in the nineteenth-century Poland. Those issues were reflected in Polish journals in science and popular science during the partitions. The breakthrough in thinking about humanity consisted in departing from the creationist concept recognizing the will of the Creator in the creation of the world, and in questioning the dogma of the permanence of species. Under the influence of Darwin’s theory, and not without controversy, a conclusion was drawn about the crucial role of natural factors in the creation of human world and its diversity. The most controversial thesis was the acknowledgement of humans’ kinship with the ape. It aroused opposition in conservative spheres. Darwin himself did not introduce such a direct lineage. However, his followers were often tempted to put forward often controversial concepts, which were also reflected in Polish journalism through the reception of western science.It should be noted that popular science magazines were an important source of information from the world of science and had a significant impact on the perception of the theory of evolution by the mass audience. They often simplified the information about Darwin’s theory and presented the stage of the research in a competent way. Recognized Polish scholars were among authors of these journals. As a result, all the different information sources greatly contributed to popularizing Darwin’s theory in the Polish society.
On Obsessions That Can Be Justified, or Racism the Polish Way Review of: Grzegorz Krzywiec, Szowinizm po polsku: Przypadek Romana Dmowskiego (1886–1905) Chauvinism the Polish Way: The Case of Roman ...Dmowski (1886–1905), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN 2009. O obsesjach, które można uzasadnić, czyli rasizm po polsku Recenzja: Grzegorz Krzywiec, Szowinizm po polsku: Przypadek Romana Dmowskiego (1886–1905), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN 2009.
On Two Civilizations in Michał Pawlikowski’s Thought Michał Pawlikowski (1887–1970) was a Polish essayist, poet, publisher, editor, and bibliophile. Since World War I, he was an activist of the ...National Democratic Party (later the National Party). After World War II, he settled in Great Britain, temporarily staying in Zakopane, Poland. Pawlikowski is the author of essays and journalism, where he collected his philosophical views on nation and culture, as well as on civilization and race. He sought cause and effect relationships in the history of humanity as factors that shaped the contemporary world. In his opinion, the world is divided between two mutually antagonistic civilizations: Western and Eastern. Such a perspective of his thought has been inscribed in Polish wider reflection on the nation. It is close to messianic concepts that were held by Romantic thinkers and artists, while at the same time it contains tints of national megalomania. His writings can be termed controversial and are often characterized as being full of discrepancies, as well as simplifying a number of complex issues; in particular, in his opponents’ views Pawlikowski’s thought is too close to conspiracy theory of history. Alternatively Pawlikowski deserves recognition for his depictions of man as a free human being who has a potential to make individual choices in accordance with ethical ideals and obligations towards the community.
Batch and column methods as well as spectroscopic, surface tension and conductivity measurements were used to establish interactions between the C.I. Acid Green 16 dye (AG16) and the strongly basic ...anion exchange resin Lewatit S 6368 A (6368A) of polystyrene matrix in the presence of selected auxiliaries. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out in a wide range of experimental conditions such as dye and auxiliaries concentrations, temperature or phase contact time. Next, the adsorption parameters were calculated using the Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models as well as the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models. It was found that the sorption capacities of the resin increase from 625.2 to 811.6 mg/g with the temperature increase from 293 to 333 K. AG16 uptake decrease with the anionic (SDS) and nonionic (TX100) surfactant addition. There is also a strong sorption of only SDS on 6368A as well as AG16-SDS complexes/aggregates which are less conducting after sorption than before. After sorption at higher temperatures there are also more (non-associated) AG16 ions in the TX100 solution than in the SDS one which has an important effect on sorption and desorption processes. Resin regeneration can be procced using 1 M HCl or 1 M NaCl in 50%v/v MeOH with the 99.07–92.6% and 88.75–80.0% yield, respectively.
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•Sorption capacities of the resin towards AG16 increase from 625.2 to 811.6 mg/gwith T.•Strong SDS sorption on Lewatit6368A is observed.•Surfactant-dye aggregates/complexes are less conducting after the sorption process.
Artykuł opisuje debatę polskich uczonych na temat celów i zakresu badań antropologii. Wpływ na jej przebieg i rozbieżność konkluzji miało szereg czynników. Druga połowa XIX wieku to okres początkowy ...w kształtowaniu się tej dyscypliny badawczej. Pierwsi antropolodzy byli lekarzami, dlatego też podnoszono znaczenie badań nad fizycznością człowieka jako gatunku i jego podziałem na rasy. Jednocześnie jednak widziano potrzebę łącznego ujmowania związków biologii z ludzką kulturą i z życiem społecznym. Temu służyć miały nauki uznawane za pomocnicze wobec antropologii fizycznej: historia, etnografia, etnologia, socjologia, językoznawstwo i archeologia. Recepcja nauki zachodniej nie przynosiła gotowych wzorców. Na jej gruncie funkcjonowało bowiem jednocześnie wiele ujęć ukształtowanych przez niezależne od siebie narodowe tradycje. Ponadto rozdział nauk o człowieku na odrębne dyscypliny jeszcze się nie dokonał. Stąd też spotykamy synonimiczność terminów takich jak antropologia, etnologia i etnografia. Polskie piśmiennictwo naukowe i popularnonaukowe, stanowiące podstawę źródłową niniejszego artykułu, odegrało znaczącą rolę w pogłębieniu dyskursu wokół kształtujących się nauk o człowieku. Wprowadziło problematykę antropologiczną i zainteresowało nią szeroki krąg czytelników. Bez samodzielnych badań oraz recepcji nauki obcej, dokonujących się w dobie zaborów, nie byłby możliwy rozwój nauk o człowieku po 1918 roku w wolnej Rzeczypospolitej.
This article aims at demonstrating why an attitude to view the human diversity according to a criterion of race originated in the society in the epoch of Positivism. It is an outline of a specific ...approach of Polish popular science to popularize achievements of word science in the field of anthropology. The fact that races exist was then taken for granted and efforts were made to describe them. Readers of periodicals were acquired with racial classifications based on geographical and morphological criteria, often evaluating civilizations of individual races and the races themselves. Opinions of both foreign and Polish scientists, travelers and journalists were influenced by Eurocentric world view, and consequently the recognition of a white man, his appearance, activities and civilization, as a pattern that should be followed and imitated by all others in the name of human progress. The term ‘race’ itself was not defined; moreover, it was used without consistency and arbitrarily, and frequently interchangeably with such terms as ‘generation,’ ‘people,’ ‘branch,’ ‘tribe’ and ‘nation.’ Despite the aboundance of press publications on human races, the knowledge of this notion did not became a systematic one.
In the nineteenth century, the Polish reflection on race and derivative terms was strongly influenced by the Western thought. New achievements and terminology in the field of natural sciences were ...adopted. Gradually, there was a change of look at peoples, their origin and diversity. In the Enlightenment, while hierarchizing humankind, its biological variety was emphasized. The Romanticism focused on human culture and spirituality. The Positivism, in turn, based on the achievements of natural sciences, saw the basis for evaluation of human groups in biological criteria. The state of contemporary ideas and knowledge favoured the formulation of various racial theories, which also had their own political context. The analysis of Polish sources made it possible to show the specificity of the domestic view in this field. It was often critical, but also approving the division of humankind into lower and higher races. This resulted from the adoption of a Eurocentric point of view. Historiosophy, seeking factors determining a historical role of a given race, also contributed to the search for differences between the white nations of Europe.
Czy jesteśmy „ludzkim zoo”? Wrzesińska, Katarzyna
Sprawy Narodowościowe. Seria Nowa,
01/2016
48
Book Review, Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Review: The Invention of Race. Scientific and Popular Representation, N. Bancel, T. David, D. Thomas (ed.), Routlege: New York-Abington, 2014, ss. 320.
The book under review is a collection of ...articles presenting the functioning of the idea of the human race in the scientific, social and cultural backgrounds. The main purpose is to demonstrate how the concept of race have circulated from the late 18th century in scholarship as well as in popular reception. Thus the authors focus their attention on the so-called ethnological expositions (such as Negro or Eskimo Villages) organized on the occasion of world‘s fairs, today known as “human zoo.” On the social level, this helped support the conviction of the supremacy of the white race.
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