Previous neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormal functional connectivity of brain networks in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but findings have been inconsistent. A recent big‐data ...study found abnormal intrinsic functional connectivity within the default mode network in patients with recurrent MDD but not in first‐episode drug‐naïve patients with MDD. This study also provided evidence for reduced default mode network functional connectivity in medicated MDD patients, raising the question of whether previously observed abnormalities may be attributable to antidepressant effects. The present study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03294525) aimed to disentangle the effects of antidepressant treatment from the pathophysiology of MDD and test the medication normalization hypothesis. Forty‐one first‐episode drug‐naïve MDD patients were administrated antidepressant medication (escitalopram or duloxetine) for 8 weeks, with resting‐state functional connectivity compared between posttreatment and baseline. To assess the replicability of the big‐data finding, we also conducted a cross‐sectional comparison of resting‐state functional connectivity between the MDD patients and 92 matched healthy controls. Both Network‐Based Statistic analyses and large‐scale network analyses revealed intrinsic functional connectivity decreases in extensive brain networks after treatment, indicating considerable antidepressant effects. Neither Network‐Based Statistic analyses nor large‐scale network analyses detected significant functional connectivity differences between treatment‐naïve patients and healthy controls. In short, antidepressant effects are widespread across most brain networks and need to be accounted for when considering functional connectivity abnormalities in MDD.
The present study aimed to disentangle the effects of antidepressant treatment from the pathophysiology of MDD and test the medication normalization hypothesis. Both Network‐Based Statistic analyses and large‐scale network analyses revealed intrinsic functional connectivity decreases in extensive brain networks after treatment, while no significant functional connectivity differences were found between treatment‐naïve patients and healthy controls. These results indicate that antidepressant effects are widespread across most brain networks and need to be accounted for when considering functional connectivity abnormalities in MDD.
Sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) is an abundant byproduct of the sugar and ethanol industry. SCBA is generally used as a fertilizer or is disposed of in landfills, which has led to intensified ...environmental concerns. In recent years, SCBA research has mainly been focused on utilization in construction materials due to the abundance and pozzolanic characteristics of SCBA. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art morphology, physical properties, chemical composition, and mineralogical composition of SCBA is presented. Studies indicate that SCBA is a potentially promising construction material. The applications of SCBA as a pozzolanic material, a new source for preparing alkali-activated binders, aggregates, and fillers in construction materials, are summarized. The impacts of SCBA on fresh and hardened concrete properties are highlighted, including the physical properties, mechanical strength, microstructure, and durability. Key factors that govern pozzolanic activity are discussed in detail, including calcination and recalcination temperatures, and durations, fineness, loss on ignition (LOI), and crystal silicon dioxide. Finally, further research on the optimal and broad utilization of SCBA in construction materials is recommended.
Metal sulfides are emerging as a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries with high reversible capacities and fast reaction kinetics, but achieving long‐cycling‐life remains a great ...challenge. Here, taking cobalt sulfide as an example, its electrochemical sodium‐ion storage failure phenomenon is first reported, which indicates that the battery cannot reach the cut‐off voltage during charging. Detailed analyses demonstrate that such failure may originate from the dissolution and escape of polysulfide intermediates, further reacting with the released copper‐ions from the current collector and inducing the occurrence of the shuttle effect. Based on the explored failure mechanism, a sulfur‐doped carbon matrix with polar carbon sulfur bonds, which can firmly immobilize the dissolved polysulfides, is deliberately introduced into the Co1−xS active particles (Co1−xS/s‐C) to improve their cycle stability. Consequently, the cycle life of the Co1−xS/s‐C anode for sodium‐ion storage is extended from the original 125 to present 2000 cycles, even at high‐rate current densities. Moreover, utilizing the carbon current collector instead of traditional copper can effectively delay the occurrence of the failure phenomenon. The present work promotes better fundamental understanding of the structural evolution of metal sulfide anodes during cycles, and the solution strategy can be extended to apply in other metal sulfides (ZnS, NiS).
The abnormal charging state of cobalt sulfide anodes with voltage failure is reported in this study and is ascribed to the dissolution and escape of the polysulfide intermediates. The polar carbon sulfur bonds in the sulfur‐doped carbon matrix are utilized to improve the long cycle life of the Co1−xS particles from the original 125 to present 2000 cycles.
With both ferrocene and air as the redox catalysts, for the first time, the low-cost natural ilmenite (FeTiO3) was successfully used for photocatalytic bond formations. Under the assistance of a ...traceless H-bond, and HCHO as the methylene reagent, a variety of imidazo1,5-aquinoxalinones were semi-heterogeneously photosynthesized in high yields with good functional group compatibility.
A straightforward and efficient C(sp 2 )–H acylation of enamides with aldehydes via transition-metal-free photoredox catalysis is demonstrated. The transformation proceeded smoothly without resorting ...to expensive and potentially toxic iridium or ruthenium polypyridyl-based photocatalysts under mild conditions, furnishing a diverse range of synthetically crucial, geometrically defined β-acylated enamides in a stereoselective and regioselective manner.
Exploring the neural basis related to different mood states is a critical issue for understanding the pathophysiology underlying mood switching in bipolar disorder (BD), but research has been scarce ...and inconsistent.
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 162 patients with BD: 33 (hypo)manic, 64 euthymic, and 65 depressive, and 80 healthy controls (HCs). The differences of large-scale brain network functional connectivity (FC) between the four groups were compared and correlated with clinical characteristics. To validate the generalizability of our findings, we recruited a small longitudinal independent sample of BD patients (n = 11). In addition, we examined topological nodal properties across four groups as exploratory analysis.
A specific strengthened pattern of network FC, predominantly involving the default mode network (DMN), was observed in (hypo)manic patients when compared with HCs and bipolar patients in other mood states. Longitudinal observation revealed an increase in several network FCs in patients during (hypo)manic episode. Both samples evidenced an increase in the FC between the DMN and ventral attention network, and between the DMN and limbic network (LN) related to (hypo)mania. The altered network connections were correlated with mania severity and positive affect. Bipolar depressive patients exhibited decreased FC within the LN compared with HCs. The exploratory analysis also revealed an increase in degree in (hypo)manic patients.
Our findings identify a distributed pattern of large-scale network disturbances in the unique context of (hypo)mania and thus provide new evidence for our understanding of the neural mechanism of BD.
Flat-slab subduction is a distinctive phenomenon that leads to the development of a wide orogenic zone (≥ 800 km) along former continental margins, triggering extensive intraplate magmatism and ...deformation. However, occurrences of flat-slab subduction on ancient convergent margins are exceptionally rare, possibly owing to multiple episodes of structural destruction and/or poor preservation. Furthermore, the impact of flat-slab subduction on mantle heterogeneity remains ambiguous. In this study, we present comprehensive whole-rock geochemical analyses as well as in-situ zircon UPb dating and HfO isotopic data for Early Jurassic A-type granites from the Pitou and Shibixia plutons in the interior of the South China Block to investigate the potential influence of flat-slab subduction on intraplate magmatism. The Pitou granites exhibit characteristics consistent with those of A2-type granite, displaying zircon εHf(t) values ranging from −4.9 to +0.3 and elevated δ18O values of 6.2–7.6‰. These features suggest that the granites formed through the differentiation of a basaltic parental magma, which underwent varying degrees of crustal contamination. In contrast, the Shibixia granites show A1-type geochemical features and were derived from basaltic parental magma without significant crustal contamination. The zircons in these granites exhibit positive εHf(t) values ranging from +6.6 to +10.6 and anomalously low δ18O values of 3.3–4.0‰, suggesting the involvement of recycled altered lower oceanic crust components in their mantle source. This provides strong evidence for the occurrence of flat-slab subduction beneath the interior of the South China Block during the early Mesozoic, which was located at least 800 km away from the trench. Combined with the presence of post-delamination ocean island-like intraplate magmatic rocks in the South China interior, it is suggested that the flat-slab delamination at approximately 190 Ma facilitated late Mesozoic intraplate OIB-like magmatism. This process, associated with flat-slab subduction, is expected to exert a significant impact on mantle isotopic heterogeneity within continental back-arc regions.
•The interior of South China Block hosts early Jurassic A1- and A2-type granites.•The low-δ18O A1-type granites contain recycled lower oceanic crustal component.•Flat-slab subduction reached ∼800 km inland of SCB from the trench at ∼190 Ma.•Flat-slab delamination at ∼190 Ma resulted in mantle heterogeneity beneath the SCB.
The first example of TBAI/H2O cooperative electrocatalytic coupling-annulation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with N-arylglycines was developed. A broad range of tetrahydroimidazo1,5-aquinoxalin-4(5H)-ones ...were obtained in good to excellent yields with exclusive chemoselectivities and excellent regioselectivities. The H-hydrogen bond served as a key factor for the electrocatalytic production of aminomethyl radical at lower oxidative potential.
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The first example of TBAI/H2O cooperative electrocatalytic coupling-annulation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with N-phenylglycines was developed. The reaction proceeds under chemical oxidant-, additive-, exogenous electrolyte-free and mild conditions with high functional-group tolerance, as demonstrated by the acid-, base- and oxidant-sensitive groups can be well tolerated. Mechanistic studies revealed that the generated H-bond between N-arylglycine and water served as a key factor for yielding α-aminomethyl radical at lower oxidative potential.
Objective
Bulimia nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder associated with the dysfunction of intrinsic brain networks. However, whether the network disruptions in BN patients manifest as dysconnectivity ...or imbalances of network modular segregation remains unclear.
Method
We collected data from 41 women with BN and 41 matched healthy control (HC) women. We performed graph theory analysis based on resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI) data; then, we computed the participation coefficient (PC) among brain modules to characterize the modular segregation for the BN and HC groups. The number of intra‐ and inter‐modular connections was calculated to explain the PC changes. Additionally, we examined the potential associations of the measures mentioned above with clinical variables within the BN group.
Results
Compared with the HC group, the BN group showed significantly decreased PC in the fronto‐parietal network (FPN), cingulo‐opercular network (CON), and cerebellum (Cere). Additionally, the number of intra‐modular connections of the default mode network (DMN) and the number of the inter‐modular connections between the DMN and CON, FPN and Cere, and CON and Cere in the BN group were lower than those in the HC group. The nodal level analysis showed that the BN group had a decreased PC of the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC), dorsal frontal cortex (dFC), inferior parietal lobule (IPL), thalamus, and angular gyrus. Further, these metrics were significantly correlated with clinical variables in the BN group.
Discussion
These findings may provide novel insights to capture atypical topologies associated with pathophysiology mechanisms and clinical symptoms underlying BN.
The olivine LiFePO4 now stands as a competitive candidate of cathode material for the next generation of a green and sustainable lithium-ion battery system due to its long life span, abundant ...resources, low toxicity, and high thermal stability. In this review, we focus on LiFePO4 and discuss its structure, synthesis, electrochemical behavior, mechanism, and the problems encountered in its application. The major goal is to highlight some recent development of LiFePO4 with high rate capability, high energy density, and excellent cyclability resulting from conductive coating, nanocrystallization, or preparation.
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