Although some studies have found that short-term PM
exposure is associated with lung cancer deaths, its impact on other cancer sites is unclear. To answer this research question, this time-stratified ...case-crossover study used individual cancer death data between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2019, extracted from the Brazilian mortality information system to quantify the associations between short-term PM
exposure and cancer mortality from 25 common cancer sites. Daily PM
concentration was aggregated at the municipality level as the key exposure. The study included a total of 34,516,120 individual death records, with the national daily mean PM
exposure 15.3 (SD 4.3) μg/m
. For every 10-μg/m
increase in three-day average PM
exposure, the odds ratio (OR) for all-cancer mortality was 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.04). Apart from all-cancer deaths, PM
exposure may impact cancers of oesophagus (1.04, 1.00-1.08), stomach (1.05, 1.02-1.08), colon-rectum (1.04, 1.01-1.06), lung (1.04, 1.02-1.06), breast (1.03, 1.00-1.06), prostate (1.07, 1.04-1.10), and leukaemia (1.05, 1.01-1.09). During the study period, acute PM
exposure contributed to an estimated 1,917,994 cancer deaths, ranging from 0 to 6,054 cases in each municipality. Though there has been a consistent downward trend in PM
-related all-cancer mortality risks from 2000 to 2019, the impact remains significant, indicating the continued importance of cancer patients avoiding PM
exposure. This nationwide study revealed a notable association between acute PM
exposure and heightened overall and site-specific cancer mortality for the first time to our best knowledge. The findings suggest the importance of considering strategies to minimize such exposure in cancer care guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The 20-year analysis of nationwide death records in Brazil revealed that heightened short-term exposure to PM
is associated with increased cancer mortality at various sites, although this association has gradually decreased over time. Despite the declining impact, the research highlights the persistent adverse effects of PM
on cancer mortality, emphasizing the importance of continued research and preventive measures to address the ongoing public health challenges posed by air pollution.
Abstract
We report the discovery of an ultrahigh-energy (UHE) gamma-ray source, LHAASO J2108+5157, by analyzing the LHAASO-KM2A data of 308.33 live days. A significant excess of gamma ray–induced ...showers is observed in both energy bands of 25−100 and >100 TeV with 9.5
σ
and 8.5
σ
, respectively. This source is not significantly favored as an extended source with an angular extension smaller than the point-spread function of KM2A. The measured energy spectrum from 20 to 200 TeV can be approximately described by a power-law function with an index of −2.83 ± 0.18
stat
. A harder spectrum is demanded at lower energies considering the flux upper limit set by Fermi-LAT observations. The position of the gamma-ray emission is correlated with a giant molecular cloud, which favors a hadronic origin. No obvious counterparts have been found, and deeper multiwavelength observations will help to cast new light on this intriguing UHE source.
Pd/Y multilayers are high‐reflectance mirrors designed to work in the 7.5–11 nm wavelength range. Samples, prepared by magnetron sputtering, are deposited with or without B4C barrier layers located ...at the interfaces of the Pd and Y layers to reduce interdiffusion, which is expected from calculating the mixing enthalpy of Pd and Y. Grazing‐incident X‐ray reflectometry is used to characterize these multilayers. B4C barrier layers are found to be effective in reducing Pd–Y interdiffusion. Details of the composition of the multilayers are revealed by hard X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy with X‐ray standing wave effects. This consists of measuring the photoemission intensity from the samples by performing an angular scan in the region corresponding to the multilayer period and an incident photon energy according to Bragg's law. The experimental results indicate that Pd does not chemically react with B nor C at the Pd–B4C interface while Y does react at the Y–B4C interface. The formation of Y–B or Y–C chemical compounds could be the reason why the interfaces are stabilized. By comparing the experimentally obtained angular variation of the characteristic photoemission with theoretical calculations, the depth distribution of each component element can be interpreted.
Pd/Y multilayers with B4C barrier layers are characterized using grazing‐incident X‐ray reflectometry and X‐ray standing wave enhanced hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The microstructure and mechanical properties of two Mg–Y–Ni alloys with different volume fraction of block-shaped LPSO phase and different number densities of plate-shaped γ′ phase were investigated. ...The volume fraction of block-shaped LPSO phase increases with the content of Y and Ni in the Mg–Y–Ni alloys with Y/Ni atomic ratio of 1. The plate-shaped γ′ phase is formed in the matrix of the as-cast alloys and grows across the matrix during the preheating before extrusion, and its number density increases with increasing content of Y and Ni. After extrusion, the block-shaped LPSO phase is distributed along extrusion direction, and the plate-shaped γ′ phase can be observed in both non-dynamic recrystallized (non-DRXed) grains with strong basal texture and dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains with random texture. The increased volume fraction of LPSO phase improves the tensile yield strength of the as-extruded Mg–Y–Ni alloys, accompanied by the decrease in ductility. In addition to the obvious strengthening from the LPSO phase, the plate-shaped γ′ phase is also an effective strengthening phase which can hinder the movement of the slip systems in non-DRXed and DRXed grains of the Mg–Y–Ni alloys. The Mg94Y3Ni3 (at%) alloy containing the highest volume fraction of block-shaped LPSO phase and the highest number density of plate-shaped γ′ phase exhibits the superior tensile yield strength of 502 MPa after extrusion.
A series of Pd–Co bimetallic nanostructures with Co compositions ranging from 0 to 13 at.% were fabricated on glassy carbon electrode by one step electrodeposition in the presence of ...polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The roles of PVP and Co have been systematically investigated by using combined techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray diffraction, and chronoamperograms. PVP was used as an additive to stabilize the Pd nanoparticles and inhibit agglomeration during their formation. The prepared Pd100Co10 bimetallic nanostructures exhibited great catalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation in alkaline, which implies that low Co doping can be a convenient way to enhance the electrocatalytic property of Pd. The present study shows that the Pd/Co bimetallic nanoparticulate can be a promising catalyst for portable applications in direct ethanol fuel cell in alkaline solution.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of wildfire fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with diabetes across multiple countries and territories. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We collected data on 3,612,135 ...diabetes hospitalizations from 1,008 locations in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, Thailand, and Taiwan during 2000–2019. Daily wildfire-specific PM2.5 levels were estimated through chemical transport models and machine-learning calibration. Quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag nonlinear models and random-effects meta-analysis were applied to estimate associations between wildfire-specific PM2.5 and diabetes hospitalization. Subgroup analyses were by age, sex, location income level, and country or territory. Diabetes hospitalizations attributable to wildfire-specific PM2.5 and nonwildfire PM2.5 were compared. RESULTS Each 10 µg/m3 increase in wildfire-specific PM2.5 levels over the current day and previous 3 days was associated with relative risks (95% CI) of 1.017 (1.011–1.022), 1.023 (1.011–1.035), 1.023 (1.015–1.032), 0.962 (0.823–1.032), 1.033 (1.001–1.066), and 1.013 (1.004–1.022) for all-cause, type 1, type 2, malnutrition-related, other specified, and unspecified diabetes hospitalization, respectively. Stronger associations were observed for all-cause, type 1, and type 2 diabetes in Thailand, Australia, and Brazil; unspecified diabetes in New Zealand; and type 2 diabetes in high-income locations. Relative risks (95% CI) of 0.67% (0.16–1.18%) and 1.02% (0.20–1.81%) for all cause and type 2 diabetes hospitalizations were attributable to wildfire-specific PM2.5. Compared with nonwildfire PM2.5, wildfire-specific PM2.5 posed greater risks of all-cause, type 1, and type 2 diabetes and were responsible for 38.7% of PM2.5-related diabetes hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS We show the relatively underappreciated links between diabetes and wildfire air pollution, which can lead to a nonnegligible proportion of PM2.5-related diabetes hospitalizations. Precision prevention and mitigation should be developed for those in advantaged communities and in Thailand, Australia, and Brazil.
Mulberry is an important industrial crop and medicinal plant with a history of thousands of years. Glycosylation catalysed by glycosyltransferase (GT) is one of the most important modification ...reactions necessary to maintain metabolic homeostasis in plant cellular processes and is often involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Mulberry contains a large number of active glycosylated products, especially flavonoids and stilbenes, while their biosynthesis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, a total of 121 GT encoding genes were identified in the genome of
Morus
alba
L., and their gene structures, chromosomal locations, and expression levels were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that MaUGT89AS1 might recognize the 7-OH site of flavonoid substrates. In vitro enzymatic activity analysis showed that MaUGT89AS1 was able to glycosylate kaempferol at both 7-OH and 3-OH to form kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. In addition, it had glycosylation activity towards 7-OH of other flavonoids such as quercetin. The optimum reaction temperature and pH of MaUGT89AS1 were 40°C and 8.0, respectively. Molecular docking elucidated the binding conformations and interactions for MaUGT89AS1 to recognize different glycosylation sites. Site-directed mutagenesis proved the essential role of His16 and Asp119 catalytic dichotomies in glycosylation reaction. This work will provide molecular resources for heterologous synthesis of flavonoid glycoside compounds with important medicinal activities.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques can provide noninvasive in vivo hemoglobin oxygenation information but suffer from relatively low resolution in biological tissue imaging. ...Microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) can produce high-resolution images of the biological tissue anatomy but offer limited physiological information of samples because of the single species of the chromophore it maps. To overcome these drawbacks and take advantage of the merits of the two independent techniques, we built a dual-modality system by combining a NIRS system and a TAT system to image biological tissues. A series of phantom trials were carried out to demonstrate the performance of the new system. The spatial resolution is about 1 mm, with a penetration depth of at least 17.5 mm in the human subject. A cohort of five healthy subjects was recruited to conduct real-time forearm venous and arterial cuff occlusion experiments. Numerous results showed that this dual-modality system could measure oxygen metabolism and simultaneously provide anatomical structure changes of biological tissues. We also found that although the hemoglobin concentration varied consistently with many other published papers, the TAT signal intensity of veins showed an opposite variation tendency in the venous occlusion stage compared with other existing work. A detailed explanation is given to account for the discrepancy, thus, providing another possibility for the forearm experiments using TAT. Furthermore, based on the multiple types of information afforded by this dual-modality system, a pilot clinical application for the diagnosis of anemia is discussed.
Transport of high-current relativistic electron beams in dense plasmas is of interest in many areas of research. However, so far the mechanism of such beam-plasma interaction is still not well ...understood due to the appearance of small time- and space-scale effects. Here we identify a new regime of electron beam transport in solid-density plasma, where kinetic effects that develop on small time and space scales play a dominant role. Our three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that in this regime the electron beam can evolve into layered short microelectron bunches when collisions are relatively weak. The phenomenon is attributed to a secondary instability, on the space- and timescales of the electron skin depth (tens of nanometers) and few femtoseconds of strong electrostatic modulation of the microelectron current filaments formed by Weibel-like instability of the original electron beam. Analytical analysis on the amplitude, scale length, and excitation condition of the self-generated electrostatic fields is clearly validated by the simulations.
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