Lung cancer is one of the common malignant tumors that threaten human life with serious incidence and high mortality. According to the histopathological characteristics, lung cancer is mainly divided ...into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 80–85% of lung cancers. In fact, lung cancer metastasis is a major cause of treatment failure in clinical patients. The underlying reason is that the mechanisms of lung cancer metastasis are still not fully understood. The metastasis of lung cancer cells is controlled by many factors, including the interaction of various components in the lung cancer microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transformation, and metastasis of cancer cells through blood vessels and lymphatics. The molecular relationships are even more intricate. Further study on the mechanisms of lung cancer metastasis and in search of effective therapeutic targets can bring more reference directions for clinical drug research and development. This paper focuses on the factors affecting lung cancer metastasis and connects with related molecular mechanisms of the lung cancer metastasis and mechanisms of lung cancer to specific organs, which mainly reviews the latest research progress of NSCLC metastasis. Besides, in this paper, experimental models of lung cancer and metastasis, mechanisms in SCLC transfer and the challenges about clinical management of lung cancer are also discussed. The review is intended to provide reference value for the future research in this field and promising treatment clues for clinical patients.
•This paper reviews recent researches on lung cancer metastasis.•The influencing factors, molecular mechanisms and specific metastasis of lung cancer are summarized.•Many factors can be regarded as potential targets in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
Cancer immunotherapy is a kind of therapy that can control and eliminate tumors by restarting and maintaining the tumor-immune cycle and restoring the body's normal anti-tumor immune response. ...Although immunotherapy has great potential, it is currently only applicable to patients with certain types of tumors, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and cancer with high mutation load and microsatellite instability, and even in these types of tumors, immunotherapy is not effective for all patients. In order to enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, this article reviews the research progress of tumor microenvironment immunotherapy, and studies the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we focused on immunotherapy against tumor microenvironment (TME) and discussed the important research progress. TME is the environment for the survival and development of tumor cells, which is composed of cell components and non-cell components; immunotherapy for TME by stimulating or mobilizing the immune system of the body, enhancing the anti-tumor immunity. The checkpoint inhibitors can effectively block the inhibitory immunoregulation, indirectly strengthen the anti-tumor immune response and improve the effect of immunotherapy. We also found the checkpoint inhibitors have brought great changes to the treatment model of advanced tumors, but the clinical treatment results show great individual differences. Based on the close attention to the future development trend of immunotherapy, this study summarized the latest progress of immunotherapy and pointed out a new direction. To study the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing the immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity can provide new opportunities for cancer treatment, expand the clinical application scope and effective population of cancer immunotherapy, and improve the survival rate of cancer patients.
The application of porous carbon microspheres derived from pure biomass in supercapacitors is restricted due to their limited reactive groups. MXene owns a combination of redox Faradic surface with ...good metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity, which assists to obtain high pseudocapacitance and energy density. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene was introduced to chitosan-based porous carbon microsphere (CPCM) to fabricated sandwich-like structure (CPCM/MXene) through electrostatic interaction. The Ti3C2Tx protected the spherical structure of CPCM. Meanwhile, CPCM hindered the reaggregation of Ti3C2Tx by inserting in the Ti3C2Tx layers, promoting the electrolyte migration kinetics. The synergistic effect endowed CPCM/MXene high specific capacitance of 362 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g and acceptable cycling stability with 93.87% capacitance retention at a high current density of 10 A/g after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, CPCM/MXene displayed a high energy density of 27.8 W/(h•kg) at 500.0 W/kg of power density. These satisfactory performances prove that combining Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets with porous carbon microspheres is a considering method to construct a new generation electrode material of supercapacitor.
Cushioning and antibacterial packaging are the requirements of the storage and transportation of fruits and vegetables, which are essential for reducing the irreversible quality loss during the ...process. Herein, the composite of carboxymethyl nanocellulose, glycerin, and acrylamide derivatives acted as the shell and chitosan/AgNPs were immobilized in the core by using coaxial 3D-printing technology. Thus, the 3D-printed cushioning–antibacterial dual-function packaging aerogel with a shell–core structure (CNGA/C–AgNPs) was obtained. The CNGA/C–AgNPs packaging aerogel had good cushioning and resilience performance, and the average compression resilience rate was more than 90%. Although AgNPs was slowly released, CNGA/C–AgNPs packaging aerogel had an obvious antibacterial effect on E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, the CNGA/C–AgNPs packaging aerogel was biodegradable. Due to the customization capabilities of 3D-printing technology, the prepared packaging aerogel can be adapted to more application scenarios by accurately designing and regulating the microstructure of aerogels, which provides a new idea for the development of food intelligent packaging.
Gefitinib has shown promising efficacy in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Molecular biomarkers for gefitinib ...metabolism-related lncRNAs have not yet been elucidated. Here, we downloaded relevant genes and matched them to relevant lncRNAs. We then used univariate, LASSO, and multivariate regression to screen for significant genes to construct prognostic models. We investigated TME and drug sensitivity by risk score data. All lncRNAs with differential expression were selected for GO/KEGG analysis. Imvigor210 cohort was used to validate the value of the prognostic model. Finally, we performed a stemness indices difference analysis. lncRNA-constructed prognostic models were significant in the high-risk and low-risk subgroups. Immune pathways were identified in both groups at low risk. The higher the risk score the greater the value of exclusion, MDSC, and CAF. PRRophetic algorithm screened a total of 58 compounds. In conclusion, the prognostic model we constructed can accurately predict OS in NSCLC patients. Two groups of low-risk immune pathways are beneficial to patients. Gefitinib metabolism was again validated to be related to cytochrome P450 and lipid metabolism. Finally, drugs that might be used to treat NSCLC patients were screened.
Fresh-cut potatoes (
L.) are susceptible to browning and microbial contamination during storage. In this study, the effects of trans-2-hexenal (E2H), ascorbic acid (VC), dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), ...and the combined treatment of E2H, VC, and DMDC on quality deterioration in fresh-cut potatoes were investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) demonstrated that E2H, VC, and DMDC concentrations of 0.010%, 0.65%, and 240 mg/L, respectively, were the optimum conditions for fresh-cut potato preservation. Further analysis showed that the combined treatment of E2H, VC, and DMDC was the most effective method of reducing quality deterioration in potatoes compared to the control and individual treatments. Furthermore, the combined treatment of E2H, VC, and DMDC could decrease the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via improving antioxidant enzyme activities. Meanwhile, energy-metabolism-related enzyme activities and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity were enhanced, while γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activity was reduced via the combined treatment of E2H, VC, and DMDC, which contributed to maintaining high energy levels and GABA content in potatoes. These findings suggested that the combined treatment of E2H, VC, and DMDC could protect membrane integrity through enhancing antioxidant capacity, energy levels, and GABA content to maintain quality in fresh-cut potatoes.
As a kind of potential absorbent, polysaccharide materials are limited due to weak stability, low absorption and recovery rate. Herein, a novel composite adsorbent - the magnetic composite gel beads ...(CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe
O
) were prepared by combining carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), sodium alginate (SA) with graphene oxide@Fe
O
, and then utilized for the adsorption of Cu
, Cd
and Pb
from the wastewater. The physicochemical property of CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe
O
beads were characterized in detail. The CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe
O
magnetic gel beads could separate easily from the wastewater and showed a higher stability due to the addition of graphene oxide@Fe
O
. The adsorption experiments show that the adsorption of Cu
, Cd
and Pb
on the magnetic gel bead was well fitted with pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu
, Cd
and Pb
reached 55.96, 86.28 and 189.04 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the magnetic gel beads had selective adsorption toward Pb
. In addition, the magnetic gel beads still obtained 90% of the adsorption rates after five cycles, and showed good adsorption efficiency in the simulated real environment. This work proves that the CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe
O
magnetic gel beads as the adsorbents have promising potential in wastewater treatment.
•Gel beads based on chitosan, sodium alginate and graphene oxide@Fe3O4 were prepared.•Adsorption capacity of the gel beads to Cu2+ and Cd2+ reached 55.96 and 86.28 mg/g.•The magnetic gel beads had ...selective adsorption toward Pb2+ (189.04 mg/g).•Addition of graphene oxide@Fe3O4 enhanced stability and recyclability of gel beads.•The gel beads showed good adsorption efficiency in the simulated real environment.
As a kind of potential absorbent, polysaccharide materials are limited due to weak stability, low absorption and recovery rate. Herein, a novel composite adsorbent – the magnetic composite gel beads (CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe3O4) were prepared by combining carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), sodium alginate (SA) with graphene oxide@Fe3O4, and then utilized for the adsorption of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the wastewater. The physicochemical property of CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe3O4 beads were characterized in detail. The CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe3O4 magnetic gel beads could separate easily from the wastewater and showed a higher stability due to the addition of graphene oxide@Fe3O4. The adsorption experiments show that the adsorption of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the magnetic gel bead was well fitted with pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ reached 55.96, 86.28 and 189.04 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the magnetic gel beads had selective adsorption toward Pb2+. In addition, the magnetic gel beads still obtained 90% of the adsorption rates after five cycles, and showed good adsorption efficiency in the simulated real environment. This work proves that the CMC/SA/graphene oxide@Fe3O4 magnetic gel beads as the adsorbents have promising potential in wastewater treatment.
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•TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TNC) immobilized AgNPs (TNC@AgNPs) were synthesized.•Novel functional films based on TNC, TNC@AgNPs and grape seed extract were prepared.•Only 5.77% of ...AgNPs were released from the films under the pH 4.0 after 14 days.•The films exhibited good antibacterial and antioxidant activity.•The addition of TNC@AgNPs improved physicochemical properties of TNC-based films.
Nowadays, traditional packaging films with weak activity or single function cannot satisfy the active packaging requirements. In this paper, novel multifunctional films (TNC/GSE/AgNPs) based on TEMPO-oxidized nano-cellulose (TNC), grape seed extract (GSE) and TNC immobilized silver nanoparticles (TNC@AgNPs) are reported. The results showed that transparent TNC/GSE/AgNPs films exhibited better mechanical properties, lower water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability compared to pure TNC films. Moreover, due to the effect of TNC immobilization on AgNPs, only 5.77%, 3.62% and 3.11% of AgNPs were released from TNC/GSE/AgNPs films under the pH 4.0, 6.9 and 9.2, respectively. Nevertheless, the films had good antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, TNC/GSE/AgNPs films showed strong antioxidant activity which has been evaluated by DPPH (6.87 μg Vc/mg d.w.) and TRAP (82.67 μg Trolox/mg d.w.) methods. The prepared films will exhibit multifunction as food packaging to extend storage period.
Wound bleeding and infection are two of the major threats to patients’ lives, but developing safe materials with high hemostasis efficiency and antibacterial activity remains a major challenge. ...Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are suitable as antibacterial agents in the hemostatic process, but the application is hampered because of easy accumulation of toxicity. Herein, thiol-modified chitosan (TMC) was prepared by modifying with mercaptosuccinic acid and then was used to immobilize AgNPs to obtain composite sponges (TMC/AgNPs) for stemming the bleeding and preventing infection. TMC/AgNPs sponges had complex interlaced tubular porous structure with high porosity (99.42%), indicating high absorption. TMC had high immobilization efficiency for AgNPsthe release rate of AgNPs was 14.35% after 14 daysbut the TMC/AgNPs sponge still had excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that the TMC/AgNPs sponge had fast and efficient hemostatic performance in comparison with the PVF sponge, and its possible mechanism was the synergistic effect of high blood absorption capacity and the interaction between amino, sulfydryl, and blood cells. Furthermore, the TMC/AgNPs sponge can promote wound healing by preventing wound infection, while the PVF sponge cannot. More importantly, the sponges had good safety due to the immobilization of TMC for AgNPs.
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