Licochalcone A (LA), a useful and valuable flavonoid, is isolated from
Fisch. ex DC. and widely used clinically in traditional Chinese medicine. We systematically updated the latest information on ...the pharmacology of LA over the past decade from several authoritative internet databases, including Web of Science, Elsevier, Europe PMC, Wiley Online Library, and PubMed. A combination of keywords containing "Licochalcone A," "Flavonoid," and "Pharmacological Therapy" was used to help ensure a comprehensive review. Collected information demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological properties for LA, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, bone protection, blood glucose and lipid regulation, neuroprotection, and skin protection. LA activity is mediated through several signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, P53, NF-κB, and P38. Caspase-3 apoptosis, MAPK inflammatory, and Nrf2 oxidative stress signaling pathways are also involved with multiple therapeutic targets, such as TNF-α, VEGF, Fas, FasL, PI3K, AKT, and caspases. Recent studies mainly focus on the anticancer properties of LA, which suggests that the pharmacology of other aspects of LA will need additional study. At the end of this review, current challenges and future research directions on LA are discussed. This review is divided into three parts based on the pharmacological effects of LA for the convenience of readers. We anticipate that this review will inspire further research.
Regarding the issue of intense mining pressure appearing in the underlying gateway below the remaining coal pillar in the close‐distance coal seam (the remaining coal pillar is perpendicular to the ...underlying section coal pillar), 401 working face is used as the engineering background. Field measurements, laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and engineering verification techniques are used to study the abutment pressure's evolution properties and the plastic zone's propagation laws before and after the underlying coal seam roadway experienced the mining impact. The conclusions are as follows: ① The maximum plastic area on the two sides and the roof of the roadway underlying the gob are up to 2 and 1.5 m, whereas the maximum plastic area on the two sides and the roof of the roadway underlying the remaining coal pillar are up to 5 and 4.5 m, respectively. Moreover, the plastic area extends along the two sides, and the section coal pillar is completely broken when the working face is mined below the remaining coal pillar. ② The stress increase coefficient K in the overlap area of the remaining coal pillar and the underlying section coal pillar reaches 3.4 when the mining face penetrates the underlying remaining coal pillar and the advance abutment pressure is overlaid with the concentrated stress of the coal pillar. ③ When the underlying working face is mined to 4, −2, −8, and −14 m away from the remaining coal pillar, the damage range of the roadway 5–10 m ahead increases in turn. At the same time, the maximum plastic area of the roof passes through the plastic area of the upper coal seam floor. Therefore, the underlying and transition areas on both sides of the remaining coal pillar are divided into Area I (15 m) → Area II (the most complicated area to control under the remaining coal pillar, 20 m) → Area III (25 m) according to the width. Furthermore, the divisional differentiated combined control technology of channel steel truss anchor cable with joint double‐way locking control function of roof and coal pillar in Areas I and III, while channel steel truss anchor cable with joint double‐way locking control function of roof and side + high resistance integral door‐type support is proposed in Area II. Field engineering practice shows that the deformation of the roadway surrounding rock can be controlled within 210 mm after adopting the above divisional combined control technology. Finally, the mining operation can safely and efficiently pass through the remaining coal pillar. The research results have important reference values for surrounding rock control of mining roadways in the overlapping area of similar “+”‐type cross‐working face.
Regarding the issue of intense mining pressure appearing in the underlying gateway below the remaining coal pillar in the close‐distance coal seam (the remaining coal pillar is perpendicular to the underlying section coal pillar), 4#–401 working face is used as the engineering background. The evolution characteristics of the abutment pressure and the expansion regulation of the plastic zone before and after the underlying coal seam roadway experienced the mining impact are analyzed using field measurements, laboratory tests, numerical simulations, and engineering verification methods.
Routine serried drilling (slotting) technology ruins the coal mass and support architecture of the anchorage ring during stress relief, and cannot resolve the conflict between stress relief and ...anchorage. Therefore, a novel powerful anchorage and stress relief technology was proposed in this study to balance the conflict. The numerical simulation analysis was conducted on the main stress difference (MSD) of stress relief in large-hole fabrication to acquire the first-best stress relief parameters. 1) When the distance between the starting site of the large-hole fabrication and the roadway wall (
L
h
), is small, the stress-crest region near the roadway cannot be effectively shifted far from the roadway. When
L
h
≥12 m, the stress data curve of the roadway rib exhibits a double high crest distribution. When
L
h
is 10 m, the new crest site of MSD of the roadway rib shifted far from the roadway is 7.5 m without ruining the anchorage function of the superficial part of the anchor cable. 2) The increase in the large-hole fabrication length does not lead to a change in the shape and size of the MSD between the starting site of the large-hole fabrication and the roadway wall. With the increase in the large-hole fabrication length, the migration degree of the crest site of the second MSD is larger than the degree of the crest size of the second MSD. 3) When the large-hole fabrication spacing is >5 m, the high MSD between neighboring large holes appears, resulting in invalid stress relief between neighboring large holes. When the large-hole fabrication spacing is ≤4 m, the small regions of the MSD produced by each large hole are connected, forming a continuous stress relief region in the deep part of the roadway rib. The engineering application results reveal that this powerful anchorage and stress relief technology can effectively control the deformation of the surrounding rock in a deep roadway.
Myocardial ischemic injury results from severe impairment of the coronary blood supply and may lead to metabolic and ultrastructural changes, thereby causing irreversible damage. MicroRNA ...(miR)-20b-5p has been demonstrated to be involved in malignancies of the breast, colorectum, stomach, blood and oropharynx. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-20b-5p on ventricular remodeling following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats by targeting small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (Smad7) via the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway. A total of 70 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: Sham group, IR group, negative control group, miR-20b-5p mimics group, miR-20b-5p inhibitors group, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-Smad7 group, and miR-20b-5p inhibitors + siRNA-Smad7 group. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays were used to verify the association between miR-20b-5p and Smad7. Myocardial infarction size, myocardial collagen volume fraction and perivascular collagen area were detected separately using triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Masson's staining. The rate of positive expression of Smad7 was detected using immunohistochemistry, and the expression levels of miR-20b-5p, TGF-β1, Smad3 and Smad7 were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. The findings revealed that miR-20b-5p inhibited Smad7. Compared with the sham group, the other six groups had increased myocardial infarction size, myocardial collagen, and expression of miR-20b-5p, TGF-β1 and Smad3, and decreased expression of Smad7. Compared with the IR group, the miR-20b-5p mimics group and the siRNA-Smad7 group had increased myocardial infarction size and myocardial collagen, increased expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3, and decreased expression of Smad7. The expression of miR-20b-5p was markedly increased in the miR-20b-5p mimics group, but did not differ significantly from that in the siRNA-Smad7 group. The results demonstrated that miR-20b-5p promoted ventricular remodeling following myocardial IR injury in rats by inhibiting the expression of Smad7 through activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
Shenfu injection (SFI), composed of ginseng and aconite, is a Chinese patent developed from the classic traditional prescription Shenfu Decoction created more than 700 years ago. SFI has been widely ...used in China for over 30 years for treating cardiovascular diseases. The main components in it include ginsenosides and aconitum alkaloids. In recent years, the role of SFI in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases has attracted much attention. The pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of SFI in cardiovascular diseases are summarized here, highlighting pharmacological features and potential mechanisms developments, confirming that SFI can play a role in multiple ways and is a promising drug for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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•Hot water extraction is the most common extraction method.•Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and configuration may be the key to affecting biological activity.•C. sinensis ...polysaccharides are expected to treat diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis, and intestinal, liver and kidney injury.•Carrying out clinical research is an important research direction in the future.
Cordyceps sinensis (the new species name is Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a precious Chinese medicinal material. The polysaccharides are one of the important biologically active components of C. sinensis and have attracted more and more attention from scholars. The purpose of the review is to systematically review relevant studies on the extraction, structure, and pharmacological effects of C. sinensis polysaccharides to support their further application as therapeutic agents and functional foods. The results show that these C. sinensis polysaccharides have different structure, which may be closely related to their pharmacological activities. C. sinensis polysaccharides have various pharmacological effects including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and prebiotics effect. Moreover, C. sinensis polysaccharides can produce anti-cancer, anti-diabetes and anti-atherosclerosis effects, and have protective effects on the liver, intestine and kidney. In short, C. sinensis polysaccharides show potential medicinal value, and are expected to be used in the treatment of many diseases.
Membranous extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds are one of the most promising biomaterials for skin wound healing, some of which, such as acellular dermal matrix, small intestinal submucosa, ...and amniotic membrane, have been clinically applied to treat chronic wounds with acceptable outcomes. Nevertheless, the wide clinical applications are always hindered by the poor mechanical properties, the uncontrollable degradation, and other factors after implantation. To highlight the feasible strategies to overcome the limitations, in this review, we first outline the current clinical use of traditional membranous ECM scaffolds for skin wound healing and briefly introduce the possible repair mechanisms; then, we discuss their potential limitations and further summarize recent advances in the scaffold modification and fabrication technologies that have been applied to engineer new ECM-based membranes. With the development of scaffold modification approaches, nanotechnology and material manufacturing techniques, various types of advanced ECM-based membranes have been reported in the literature. Importantly, they possess much better properties for skin wound healing, and would become promising candidates for future clinical translation.
As mining progresses into deep strata, severe damage occurs at various long-life roadway intersections. To guide targeted repair and reinforcement operations, it is necessary to investigate the ...failure mechanism of surrounding rock at intersections in deep environments. Four categories and 16 types of intersections of connection type, interleaving type, bifurcation type, and rotary type (ring triangular column) are comprehensively summarized by investigating the maintenance of intersections in many mines. Three types of typical application forms of intersection points are proposed: a single large-scale intersection point, two intersection points for nested combined application, and an intersection point group for ring triangular rock column application. The failure of intersections on site is divided into three levels: local damage to the surrounding rock, damage to the triangular rock column, and overall damage. Three categories of 13 disaster-causing factors of external environmental factors, their structural attributes, and artificial design hidden hazards are proposed from the initiation and cause of the disaster, and the disaster-causing paths of various disaster-causing factors are described in detail. The refined intersection models under three application forms are established, and the secondary development of numerical software is carried out to introduce the distortion energy density index to analyze the energy of the surrounding rock. Studies have shown that the surrounding rock distortion energy peak at intersections is in the triangular rock column, and the increase coefficient is about 2.5. Meanwhile, the distortion energy of the surrounding rock also accumulates at the maximum section, and its increase coefficient is about 1.5. Therefore, it is proposed that the repair of the intersection should focus on the reinforcement of the triangular rock column and surrounding rock at the large cross-section, and a targeted plan is proposed for the repair of the intersections of the deep mine, focusing mainly on the reinforcement of the triangular rock column and the large cross-section. This study provides a reference for the analysis of failure factors, the introduction of numerical simulation indicators, and the repair support of deep intersections.
To understand oxygen and carbon stable isotopic characteristics of aragonite stalagmites and evaluate their applicability to paleoclimate, the isotopic compositions of active and fossil aragonite ...speleothems and water samples from an
in situ multi-year (October 2005–July 2010) monitoring program in Furong Cave located in Chongqing of China have been examined. The observations during October 2005–June 2007 show that the meteoric water is well mixed in the overlying 300–500-m bedrock aquifer, reflected by relatively constant δ
18O, ±0.11–0.14‰ (1
σ), of drip waters in the cave, which represents the annual status of rainfall water. Active cave aragonite speleothems are at oxygen isotopic equilibrium with drip water and their δ
18O values capture the surface-water oxygen isotopic signal. Aragonite-to-calcite transformation since the last glaciation is not noticeable in Furong stalagmites. Our multi-year field experiment approves that aragonite stalagmite δ
18O records in this cave are suitable for paleoclimate reconstruction. With high U, 0.5–7.2
ppm, and low Th, 20–1270
ppt, the Furong aragonite stalagmites provide very precise chronology (as good as ±20s yrs (2
σ)) of the climatic variations since the last deglaciation. The synchroneity of Chinese stalagmite δ
18O records at the transition into the Bølling–Allerød (t-BA) and the Younger Dryas from Furong, Hulu and Dongge Caves supports the fidelity of the reconstructed East Asian monsoon evolution. However, the Furong record shows that the cold Older Dryas (OD) occurred at 14.0 thousand years ago, agreeing with Greenland ice core δ
18O records but ∼200
yrs younger than that in the Hulu record. The OD age discrepancy between Chinese caves can be attributable to different regionally climatic/environmental conditions or chronological uncertainty of stalagmite proxy records, which is limited by changes in growth rate and subsampling intervals in absolute dating. Seasonal dissolved inorganic carbon δ
13C variations of 2–3‰ in the drip water and 5–7‰ in the pool and spring waters are likely attributed to variable degrees of CO
2 degassing in winter and summer. The variable δ
13C values of active deposits from −11‰ to 0‰ could be caused by kinetically mediated CO
2 degassing processes. The complicated nature of pre-deposition kinetic isotopic fractionation processes for carbon isotopes in speleothems at Furong Cave require further study before they can be interpreted in a paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental context.
Guideline development should be based on the quality of evidence, balance of benefits and harms, economic evaluation and patients' views and preferences. Therefore, these factors were considered in ...the development of a new guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of vancomycin.
To develop an evidence-based guideline for vancomycin TDM and to promote standardized vancomycin TDM in clinical practice in China.
We referred to the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development and used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to rate the quality of evidence and grade the strength of recommendations, according to economic evaluation and patients' views and preferences. We used the GRADE Grid method to formulate the recommendations.
The guideline presents recommendations about who should receive vancomycin TDM, how to monitor vancomycin efficacy and renal safety, therapeutic trough concentrations, time to start initial vancomycin TDM, loading dose and how to administer and adjust the vancomycin dose.
We developed an evidence-based guideline for vancomycin TDM, which provides recommendations for clinicians and pharmacists to conduct vancomycin TDM in China.
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