Aeromonas hydrophila can pose a great threat to the survival of farmed fish. In current study, we investigated the pathological characteristics and immune response in gut–liver axis of white crucian ...carp (WCC) upon gut infection. WCC anally intubated with A. hydrophila exerted a tissue deformation in damaged midgut with elevated levels of goblet cells along with a significant decrease in tight junction proteins and villi length‐to‐width ratios. In addition, immune‐related gene expressions and antioxidant properties increased dramatically in gut–liver axis of WCC following gut infection with A. hydrophila. These results highlighted the immune modulation and redox alteration in gut–liver axis of WCC in response to gut infection.
•This review focuses on metal cluster-based porous coordination polymers (PCPs).•Cluster-based PCPs have various important and modifiable functionalities.•Post-synthetic modification can improve the ...functionality of cluster-based PCPs.
This review focuses on a particular class of porous coordination polymers (PCPs) called metal cluster-based PCPs, which are constructed by linking versatile polynuclear clusters as secondary building units via organic linkers. These types of PCPs provide a unique platform for systematically studying the correlations among structure–property relationships and for developing new functional PCP materials with improved properties due to their various advantages, such as their diverse components, stable frameworks, highly predictable topologies, controllable structural flexibility, and various modifiable functionalities. In this review, we highlight and discuss selected examples of cluster-based PCPs, the functionalities of which benefit from either the clusters themselves or their cooperation with linkers, such as gas adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, magnetism, flexibility, and luminescent sensing, as well as modulations of these functionalities via post-synthetic modifications of the cluster building units.
Ribosome assembly factor URB1 is essential for ribosome biogenesis. However, its latent role in cancer remains unclear. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database and clinical tissue microarray ...staining showed that URB1 expression was upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and prominently related to clinicopathological characteristics. Silencing of URB1 hampered human CRC cell proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. Microarray screening, ingenuity pathway analysis, and JASPAR assessment indicated that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1) are potential downstream targets of URB1 and could transcriptionally interact through direct binding. Silencing of URB1 significantly decreased ATF4 and cyclin A2 (CCNA2) expression in vivo and in vitro. Restoration of ATF4 effectively reversed the malignant proliferation phenotype of URB1‐silenced CRC cells. Dual‐luciferase reporter and ChIP assays indicated that XBP1 transcriptionally activated ATF4 by binding with its promoter region. X‐box binding protein 1 colocalized with ATF4 in the nuclei of RKO cells, and ATF4 mRNA expression was positively regulated by XBP1. This study shows that URB1 contributes to oncogenesis and CRC growth through XBP1‐mediated transcriptional activation of ATF4. Therefore, URB1 could be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
The classic ribosome assembly factor URB1 is overexpressed and related to unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal cancer (CRC). URB1 silencing significantly hampered human CRC cell proliferation and decreased ATF4, CCNA2, and XBP1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Briefly, our study shows that URB1 contributes to oncogenesis and growth of CRC through XBP1‐medaited transcriptional activation of ATF4 and URB1 could be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
Tumor necrosis factor α1 (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in immune regulation and cellular homeostasis, but the crucial role of TNFα in fish gut remained unclear. The current study aimed to ...evaluate the immunoregulatory function of TNFα1 on gut barrier in a novel hybrid fish (WR), which was produced by crossing white crucian carp (Carassius cuvieri, ♀) with red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var, ♂). In this study, WR‐tnfα1 sequence was identified, and a high‐level expression was detected in the intestine. Elevated levels of WR‐tnfα1 expressions were detected in immune‐related tissues and cultured fish cells on stimulation. The appearance of vacuolization and submucosal rupture was observed in TNFα1‐treated midgut of WR, along with elevated levels of goblet cell atrophy, whereas no significant changes were detected in most expressions of tight‐junction genes and mucin genes. In contrast, WR receiving gut perfusion with WR‐TNFα1 showed a remarkable decrease in antioxidant status in midgut, whereas the expression levels of apoptotic genes and redox responsive genes increased sharply. These results suggested that TNFα1 could exhibit a detrimental effect on antioxidant defense and immune regulation in the midgut of WR.
The survival of farmed fish can be threatened by incidence of
Aeromonas hydrophila
infection. In addition, gut infection may promote dysbiosis of gut flora and dysregulate immune response in ...gut-liver axis in teleost fish. The current study aimed to evaluate the pathogenesis of
A. hydrophila
on gut barrier breach and synchronized immune response in gut-liver axis of RCCs. RCCs were subjected to continuous anal-intubation with
A. hydrophila
. Midgut sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and immune-related gene expressions and biochemical indices in gut-liver axis were investigated. The severe midgut injury was detected in RCC anal-intubated with
A. hydrophila
, along with atrophy of the midgut villi, and the expression levels of tight junction (TJ) genes were consistently lower than those of the control (
P
< 0.05). Moreover, RCC receiving anal intubation with
A. hydrophila
showed the upregulation of pathological indices and immure genes in the midgut and liver. These findings demonstrated that gut infection with
A. hydrophila
can significantly disrupt epithelial permeability to exacerbate gut barrier breach and increase bacterial burdens in tissues as well as dysregulate immune response in gut-liver axis of RCC.
MnSOD is a ubiquitous metalloenzyme that constitutes the first line of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress. In this study, full length sequence of MnSOD was identified from hybrid crucian ...carp (WR, Carassius cuvieri ♀ × Carassius auratus red var ♂). Tissue-specific analysis revealed that the highest expression of WR-MnSOD was detected in kidney. Aeromonas hydrophila challenge could dramatically enhance WR-MnSOD mRNA expression in tissues. In vivo administration of purified WR-MnSOD peptide could maintain gut mucosal barrier function, rescue redox balance as well as decrease apoptotic cell death in midgut upon bacterial infection, suggesting that WR-MnSOD is playing a crucial role in gut mucosal barrier function and could be used as feed additive to improve gut immunity in fish.
•MnSOD architecture in hybrid fish was identified.•Differential WR-MnSOD expressions were detected in hybrid fish following A. hydrophila challenge.•WR-MnSOD could prevent antioxidant insults in bacteria-infected midgut.
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is evolutionally conserved and frequently activated in various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been reported that the ribosome ...assembly factor Urb1 acts downstream of mTORC1/raptor signaling and contributes to digestive organ development in zebrafish. Previously, we highlighted that URB1 was overexpressed in CRC. Here, we assessed the mTORC1/regulatory associated protein with mTOR (RAPTOR)‐URB1 axis in CRC tumorigenesis. We found that RAPTOR was overexpressed in CRC tissues and cell lines, was a favorable predictor in patients with CRC, and positively correlated with URB1. Silencing of RAPTOR suppressed CRC cell proliferation and migration and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and inhibited xenograft growth in vivo. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of RAPTOR exerted an inverse biological phenotype. Knockdown of RAPTOR quenched mTORC1 activity and reduced the expression of URB1 and cyclinA2 (CCNA2). In contrast, overexpression of RAPTOR activated mTORC1 and upregulated URB1 and CCNA2. Furthermore, URB1 and CCNA2 expression were also impeded by rapamycin, which is a specific inhibitor of mTORC1. Thus, RAPTOR promoted CRC proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression by inducing mTORC1 signaling and transcriptional activation of both URB1 and CCNA2. Taken together, we concluded that RAPTOR has the potential to serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.
Regulatory associated protein with mammalian target of rapamycin (RAPTOR) contributes to colorectal cancer proliferation and cell cycle progression through positively regulating URB1 and cyclinA2 via activating mTOR complex 1 signaling. We conclude that RAPTOR has the potential to serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
Aeromonas hydrophila is a common pathogen of freshwater fish. In this study, A. hydrophila infection was shown to cause tissue damage, trigger physiological changes as well as alter the expression ...profiles of immune‐ and metabolic‐related genes in immune tissues of red crucian carp (RCC). Transcriptome analysis revealed that acute A. hydrophila infection exerted a profound effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation linking metabolic regulation to immune response. In addition, we further identified cellular senescence, apoptosis, necrosis and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal pathways as crucial signal pathways in the kidney of RCC subjected to A. hydrophila infection. These findings may have important implications for understanding modulation of immunometabolic response to bacterial infection.
Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce agricultural nitrous oxide （N2O） emission. However, few studies have investigated soil N2O emissions in intercropping ...systems in the North China Plain. Thus, we conducted a ifeld experiment to compare N2O emissions under monoculture and maize-legume intercropping systems. In 2010, ifve treatments, including monocultured maize （M）, maize-peanut （MP）, maize-alfalfa （MA）, maize-soybean （MS）, and maize-sweet clover （MSC） intercropping were designed to investigate this issue using the static chamber technique. In 2011, M, MP, and MS remained, and monocultured peanuts （P） and soybean （S） were added to the trial. The results showed that total production of N2O from different treatments ranged from （0.87＆#177;0.12） to （1.17＆#177;0.11） kg ha-1 in 2010, while those ranged from （3.35＆#177;0.30） to （9.10＆#177;2.09） kg ha-1 in 2011. MA and MSC had no signiifcant effect on soil N2O production compared to that of M （P＆lt;0.05）. Cumulative N2O emissions from MP in 2010 were signiifcantly lower than those from M, but the result was the opposite in 2011 （P＆lt;0.05）. MS signiifcantly reduced soil N2O emissions by 25.55 and 48.84%in 2010 and 2011, respectively （P＆lt;0.05）. Soil N2O emissions were signiifcantly correlated with soil water content, soil temperature, nitriifcation potential, soil NH4＋, and soil NO3-content （R2=0.160-0.764, P＆lt;0.01）. A stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that soil N2O release was mainly controlled by the interaction between soil moisture and soil NO3-content （R2=0.828, P＆lt;0.001）. These results indicate that MS had a coincident effect on soil N2O lfux and signiifcantly reduced soil N2O production compared to that of M over two growing seasons.
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