The After World War I, the development of the agriculture sector was delayed in contrast with the rapid growth of the industrial sector. Japanese agriculture accelerated by innovation after the ...economic revitalization following World War II. It clarifies the production structure of the rice production in Japan, and there is this study before the end of World War II after the First World War end during the analysis period. This study clarifies a change of factor shares of the rice production sector in this time. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the characteristics of the production structure of the rice production in Japan from 1922 through 1944, and the agriculture in Japan at this time is considered to be in a developing stage. The historic change of the rice production in Japan gives a suggestion for agriculture development in modern Asia. The measurement of factor shares of the rice production in the analysis period applies "a method to estimate land income as rest." In addition, it measures the Cobb-Douglas's type amount of production formation function. It clarify the contribution of the production input. The changes of factor shares are as follows. The change of factor shares is land, labor, fertilizer, cost of draft animals, agricultural machinery, materials, building for agriculture, seed in order of the average value from 1922 through 1944. As for the development of production technological system, it is a technological innovations land-saving and fertilizer-using. The results of estimate by the amount of production formation function are as follows. In the periods of 1922-1944, the input of the labor is excess level, the input of the fertilizer is under level and the input of the land is equilibrium level.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of regenerative treatment for tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) using gelatin sponge, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and fibrin glue.
This was a ...multicenter, non-randomized, single-arm study conducted at tertiary referral centers. Twenty patients with chronic TMP (age 23–78 years, 6 males, 14 females) were registered from three institutions. All treated patients were included in the safety analysis population. The edges of the TMP were disrupted mechanically by myringotomy and several pieces of gelatin sponge immersed in bFGF were placed and fixed with fibrin glue to cover the perforation. The TMP was examined 4 ± 1 weeks later. The protocol was repeated up to four times until closure was complete. The main outcome measures were closure or a decrease in size of the TMP, hearing improvement, and air–bone gap evaluated 16 weeks after the final regenerative procedure (FRP). Adverse events (AEs) were monitored throughout the study.
Total closure of the TMP at 16 weeks was achieved in 15 out of 20 patients (75.0%, 95% confidence interval CI: 50.9%–91.3%) and the mean decrease in size was 92.2% (95%CI: 82.9%–100.0%). The ratio of hearing improvement and the air–bone gap at 16 weeks after FRP were 100% (20/20; 95%CI: 83.2%–100%) and 5.3 ± 4.2 dB (p <0.0001), respectively. Thirteen out of 20 patients (65.0%) experienced at least one AE, but no serious AEs occurred.
The results indicate that the current regenerative treatment for TMP using gelatin sponge, bFGF, and fibrin glue is safe and effective.
This study deals with the status of women who engage in agricultural practices in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. Specifically, it dissects the selection processes to determine which gives ...participant farmers access to training opportunities provided by an international non-governmental organization. The research was conducted to provide gender-disaggregated data while elucidating the gender gap that exists in opportunities for equal participation in and access to training and women's role within Cambodia's agricultural sector based on data analysis for the baseline survey and key informant interviews. This study concludes that there are specific gender roles, norms and biases, either visible or invisible, embedded and/or expected in the local community. These traits were manifested by participant farmers as well as officers who were responsible in selecting farmers. Individual interview revealed that gender norms regarding men as the head of the house and illiteracy were mentioned as two possible factors hindering women from participating in agricultural training, but when leaders who were responsible in selecting farmers were mindful about equal gender ratio, they could bring equal numbers of female participants. In order to ensure gender equality in access to skills development opportunities in the agricultural sector, trainings should focus on building effective program, and optimizing and acknowledging current female farmers' roles and contributions in the agricultural and development sector of the rural economy.
The main object of this study was to quantitatively grasp the relevance among local farmers to analyze the characteristics of local farming and agricultural production information to build stable and ...sustainable farming needed by farmers. The research site was ten districts in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows: 1) It was confirmed that the index of agricultural production information varies depending on the districts; 2) Based on the Canonical Correlation Analysis results, cultivated land and annual income from agricultural activity, which are regarded to be the results of agricultural management, have relevance among factors such as attributions, crops, and agricultural production information was clarified. The cultivated land is affected by the index, which is aimed at expanding the scale of rice production. In addition, annual income from agricultural activity is affected by an index aimed at high-quality crop production based on new technology information, information about organic fertilizer and training. According to the results of the analysis, agricultural productivity expansions in Cambodia depends on providing information that can be adaptable to the intention of agricultural management of the local farmers.
Recently, vegetable has also been cultivated by many farmers in Cambodia due to the increase of its demand in the local market. The main objective of this study was to clarify the awareness levels of ...the local farmers with an emphasis on agriculture production information for the sustainable development of vegetable production. Based on the multiple correspondence analysis results, the information required by local farmers was shown to be different depending on farm management scale. It can be concluded that it is important to provide information and technology that is adapted to the development stage of agricultural management of each local farmer. Moreover, a categorical principal component analysis is used to categorize and clarify the effectiveness of kind of agricultural production information was needed to develop vegetable production.
Carmustine (BCNU) implants (Gliadel® Wafer, Eisai Inc., New Jersey, USA) for the treatment of malignant gliomas (MGs) were shown to enhance overall survival in comparison to placebo in controlled ...clinical trials in the United States and Europe. A prospective, multicenter phase I/II study involving Japanese patients with MGs was performed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of BCNU implants. The study enrolled 16 patients with newly diagnosed MGs and 8 patients with recurrent MGs. After the insertion of BCNU implants (8 sheets maximum, 61.6 mg BCNU) into the removal cavity, various chemotherapies (including temozolomide) and radiotherapies were applied. After placement, overall and progression-free survival rates and whole blood BCNU levels were evaluated. In patients with newly diagnosed MGs, the overall survival rates at 12 months and 24 months were 100.0% and 68.8%, and the progression-free survival rate at 12 months was 62.5%. In patients with recurrent MGs, the progression-free survival rate at 6 months was 37.5%. There were no grade 4 or higher adverse events noted due to BCNU implants, and grade 3 events were observed in 5 of 24 patients (20.8%). Whole blood BCNU levels reached a peak of 19.4 ng/mL approximately 3 hours after insertion, which was lower than 1/600 of the peak BCNU level recorded after intravenous injections. These levels decreased to less than the detection limit (2.00 ng/mL) after 24 hours. The results of this study involving Japanese patients are comparable to those of previous studies in the United States and Europe.
Objective: To identify the barriers link nurses perceive in providing ACP to cancer patients. Methods: Semi-constructive interviews were conducted with eight link nurses at a base hospital for cancer ...treatment, and text mining was used for cluster and correspondence analyses, which has the advantage of ensuring objectivity in qualitative research. Results: The barriers for link nurses are "difficulty in sharing various information about patients," "difficulty in giving back what they learned in the training and arousing interest," "difficulty in explaining ACP while continuing chemotherapy," "difficulty in timing owing to hesitation of bad news from life expectancy announcement," "difficulty in stepping into each person's thoughts about terminal care," "anxiety about not being able to confirm ACP respecting patients' wishes while crossing facilities," "difficulty in learning from others' practice situations," and "difficulty in learning from others." We identified the following 13 barriers: "difficulty in entering into each person's thoughts about the terminal" "anxiety about not being able to confirm ACP that respects the patient's wishes while crossing facilities" "difficulty in learning from others' practice situations." Conclusions: This study suggests for systems to support ACP, practice-based education, and support for link nurses.
BackgroundMalignancy patients who need long-term hospitalization can feel loneliness affecting their quality of life. The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused visiting restrictions that could mean ...patients who might be missing out on family support and palliative care, therefore, need to adapt and change. We used virtual reality (VR) technology with the aim of reducing feelings of loneliness among these patients. ObjectivesIn a small cohort setting, we aimed to clarify the usefulness of VR viewing for this purpose by text mining interviews with the patients in palliative care after their VR experience, and to clarify the feasibility of this program. Design and Setting/SubjectsFour consecutive Japanese patients in the palliative care unit viewed personalized familiar persons or places through VR goggles, while communicating by telephone. After the VR experience, text mining of the patients' interviews was used to extract the words for the frequency count and co-occurrence analysis. ResultsFour clusters were extracted: "relief from the pain of hospitalization by feeling safe and secure with family members nearby," "using VR to regain daily life," "immersive feeling of being in the same space as family," and "loneliness due to the realistic feeling of separation from the family through VR experience." There were no cases of VR sickness. ConclusionOur results attained by text mining suggest the promising potential of VR imaging of familiar surroundings for patients in palliative care.
The main objective of this study is to clarify the characteristics of farm management based on the indicators of agricultural production. A categorical principal component analysis was applied to ...categorize and clarify the effectiveness of their farm management. The research site was Samroung Commune, Prey Chhor District, Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows. 1) Even in the same commune, the differences were found among villages when the features were grasped from the indicators of agricultural production of each village. 2) Based on the categorical principal component analysis results, farm management was classified and clarified based on the characteristics of each category. According to the results of the analysis, it was indicated that it is necessary to classify agricultural production information of the target area in order to support effectively with full use of the abilities of support organizations.
Objective: Some patients receive genome therapy for cancer for which there is no standard treatment, or the standard treatment has been completed making them aware of death. This study identifies the ...relationship between nursing care for such patients and the "nurses' views of life and death" required to provide nursing care. Methods: A questionnaire survey targeting 91 nurses caring for cancer patients was conducted to perform an exploratory factor analysis of factors of "nursing care for patients receiving cancer genome therapy." Multiple regression analysis used these factors as dependent variables and "nurses' views of life and death" as an independent variable. Results: Five factors and 38 items were abstracted for "nursing care for patients receiving cancer genome therapy," and "nurses' views of life and death" was demonstrated to have influenced these factors. Conclusions: "Nursing care for patients receiving cancer genome therapy" was characterized by factors which targeted patients suffering from a disease that makes them aware of death, and "nurses' views of life and death" influenced these factors, suggesting the need for nurses to establish their views on life and death in cancer genome medical care.
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